test-1 Flashcards

Question

boreal barrens and tundra

Answer 1

o Boreal barrens – can’t support trees bc too cold | o Tundra – is melting in Northern Ontario, barely there

Answer 2

o Except for forestry operations, mining, and Native Canadina vilalges, few people penetrate this vast, rugged landscape

Answer 3

o 3rd largest wetland in the world o Vast sodden plain – very wet, loosely held together, need to wait for it to freeze to cross it o Slopes towards sea at gradient < 1m per km o Composed mostly of muskeg or peatlands o Water in the form of permafrost underlies much of the region

Answer 4

made of 2 similar lowlands Great lakes lowland st lawrence lowland Divided by an arm of the Canadian Shield called the Frontenac Axis (Kingston to St Lawrence River)

Answer 5

Rift valley – faults or rack in Earth’s crust (hundreds of millions of yrs ago) split the valley which was then part of the Canadian shield o Floor of valley fell, thereby creating the lowland After the last ice age, high ocean levels allows the Atlantic Ocean to creep inwards as far as Ottawa, creating a very flat landscape

Answer 6

Dominant feature is Niagara escarpment Erosion has left a rocky ridge 30 – 50m above the surrounding area Over 1000km long, stretching from NY state, across Niagara Falls, north to Tobermory, then into Michigan via Manitoulin Island Home to most Ontarians

Answer 7

Creates microclimate, has diff soil, diff animals Protects area around it from wind  Most Ontario wind patterns – west to east  Niagara escarpment – large drops protects places: • Niagara lakes region, Niagara fruit belt • Doesn’t protect Buffalo

Answer 8

Predominantly flat landscape – some glacial landforms remain Prime agricultural land – Class 1 o Best land, best quality soil o Depending on climate, can grow anything on it o Is at risk because we want it for urban development o Once it becomes urban development, can’t go back to class 1 land Niagara fruit belt is here and is protected

Answer 9

Where majority of population lives We deforested it a lot – for agriculture and urbanization Kept some sections/ patches of trees – wood lock – interest for farmers when they needed wood for structures, now used to wind break and protect habitats would have been a deciduous or mixed wood forest

Answer 10

o Is eroding – less water – slower erosion | o Should be past Niagara escarpment

Answer 11

Mostly “humid continental” Some more “maritime”  Near Hudson Bay + James Bay Temp and precipitation depend on latitude, proximity to water and terrain

Answer 12

 Cold, dry, polar air from north  Pacific polar air passing over the prairies  Warm, moist, subtropical air from Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

Answer 13

* Generally warmer in south | * Colder in north growing degree days

Answer 14

* General trend – increase from northwest to southeast | * Snow accumulation varies greatly across the province

Answer 15

every 5 yrs Long form and short form – use this data to make large decisions (e.g. where to put business, hospitals, schools, which services and what resources go where) If you don’t do the census, they hit you up and follow up

Answer 16

45 min, very detailed questions – drill deep into small portion of population Always mandatory, but in 2011, they made the long-form census optional As a result, they did not get accurate data – data was useless - Had to use 2006 data long-form is mandatory again

Answer 17

7-10 questions – most people get this

Answer 18

US wants to put “are you a citizen” in the 2020 census – ppl won’t do it because don’t want to say they’re there illegally

Answer 19

Arrived ~ 10 000 years ago Settlement patterns 60 000 – 117 000 in the 1500s Cree in North – not really involved in agriculture Groups in the great lakes lowlands would be involved in agriculture

Answer 20

1500s – Passage to the Orient 1600s – fur trade begins - French and English struggle for domination 1759 – British vs French showdown 1763 – Treaty of Paris 1775 – American Revolution – don’t want to be in British rule 1779 – English, Scottish & Irish immigrants - Their revolution boomed Canada’s population because they still wanted to be part of Crown US ordinance develop the lakes 1791 – Upper Canada defined – pop 15 000

Answer 21

1812 – Last military challenge for the Lakes – pop of Upper Canada ~ 90 000 1867 – Confederation Early 1900s – pop 2 mil, half rural -Cleared land and invited people to populate the land 1904  Ford motor company made in Windsor  Silver discovered at Cobalt in northern Ontario 1906  Niagara Falls harnessed  Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission 1911 – 1913  1 mil people immigrated to Canada, most settling in Ontario

Answer 22

1867 Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick form a federal union Dominion of Canada Capital of Canada – Ottawa Capital of Ontario – York (Toronto)

Answer 23

``` o 2015 – 13 750 000 o 38.65 % of Canada’s population o July 1, 2016 – 13 982 984 o July 1, 2017 – 14 193 384 o 2007 – 2017 – 11% growth ```

Answer 24

– most in Ontario, Quebec, BC, Alberta; least in territories  ON – 38.4%  QC – 23.6%

Answer 25

– Ontario, Quebec, BC, Alberta; Quebec’s relative population is dropping  ON – 38.3%  QC – 23.2%

Answer 26

ON, AB, BC growing, QC is not – due to economic opportunities Also due to immigration – they go to provinces/ cities where there are most opportunities Push and pull factor o Go where find similar communities o Better opportunities o Unsafe in their country

Answer 27

Official language – English Francophones – largest language minority is French Visible minorities increasing First gen immigrants have more kids than people who have been here for a while English and French are going down – neither are first languages In languages spoken at home – English and French decreasing, other languages are becoming more common due to immigration

Answer 28

Chinese, Italian, Spanish in top all yrs 2006 – Portuguese, German 2011 – Punjabi, Tagalog - Population shifts bc of immigration 2016 – Punjabi, Arabic

Answer 29

o 2011 – south Asian, Chinese, black | o 2016 – south Asian, Chinese, black, Filipino

Answer 30

More than 655 000 immigrants settled in Ontario between 2009 and 2013 This represents about 1/3 of those who immigrated to Canada during that period Drives population growth

Answer 31

2006 – ON, BC, QC, AB 2006 – 2011 – ON, QC, BC, AB Before 2011 – ON, BC, QC, AB 2011 – 2016 – ON, QC, AB, BC  ON drops 53% to 39%

Answer 32

We have natural increase (residents having their own kids) and net migration (immigration) Natural increase – more births than deaths Have spikes in net migration when refugee crises happen Pop growth think of immigration

Answer 33

– when you don’t have people in working age, and have lots from 0-14 (not working age), and lots above 65+ Require lots of resources Not productive, not contributing to economy or workforce

Answer 34

``` o Urban – rural o North – South o Greater Toronto Area o Golden Horseshoe o Central – part surrounding GTA o East – Ottawa o Southeast – near London ```

Answer 35

Immigrants have more kids than those who have been here a while Expect lots of growth (40% pop increase) in GTA and surrounding areas Seniors move out – inverse because they are going where there is not much population - Land is cheap, they don’t need a job so don’t need to worry about commutes

Answer 36

Most populous and the most heavily urbanized regions in Canada and one of the fastest growing regions in North America Home to 8.1 mil people, 2/3 of Ontarians and ¼ of all Canadians By 2031, pop will be 11.5 mil + 80% of Ontario’s population growth By 2041, we predict 13.48 mil people, 10.13 mil of them in the GTA Barrie was not part of Central Ontario, so was not in greater golden horseshoe, but now it is because it is easier to get there now Is central ontario

Answer 37

ON has largest number of people who identify as indigenous Still a small proportion of Ontario’s pop - Is growing Proportion of people on reserves is declining 1/6 lived on reserves in 2016, and 2011, down from 1/5 in 2006 Indigenous on reserves – in population pyramid are lacking social services - Not living long, high suicide rates

Answer 38

Is younger than rest of Ontario 32. 5% of aboriginal pop was 19 & under 22. 5% for the non-aboriginal population Seniors in the aboriginal people in 2016 increased to 7.9% from 6.7% in 2011, but was less than half the share of seniors in the non-aboriginal population In 2016 - 374 395 people self-identified as indigenous in Ontario 2.8% of province’s total population Increase from 2.4% in 2011 2011 – 2016 – population grew 23.1% Much faster than non-indigenous population (4.2%)

Answer 39

spreading out of a city ad its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area Conversion of open space into built-up, developed land over time

Answer 40

= pop > 10 mil 1975 – 3 megacities – Mexico city, Tokyo, NYC Now – 21 megacities

Answer 41

1800 – world pop was 1 bil, 2011 – 7 bil Every sec 5 ppl born, 2 die 2008 – first time majority of worl pop lived in cities than rural

Answer 42

High volumes of traffic Scattering of business, shop, homes Inadequate public transportation  Harder to provide and more expensive connecting places that are far from Pedestrian unfriendly streets Zoning that divides neighbourhoods from offices, shops, and restaurants Parking lots that push buildings back and farther away from each other  If you drive somewhere that’s far, you don’t want to be worried that there won’t be parking  If you walk/ take public transportation it’s harder for you because stores are very separate

Answer 43

At current rate, additional 260 000 acres (1070 km2) of rural land will be urbanized by 2031 (an area double the size of Toronto) 92% of that land is Ontario’s best farmland (class 1) Golden Horseshoe growing by over 115 000 people per year In 15 yrs, will be 3rd largest urban region in North America behind only NY and LA

Answer 44

``` Low density = high cost Household costs of sprawl Consuming precious land Public health Climate change Energy Water quality + quantity Wildlife Aesthetics + quality of life ```

Answer 45

Does growth pay for growth? – No - Growth was sustainable, used to pay for itself - Gets more expensive + harder to pay for it the further you go Infrastructure costs - More road needed, water pipes, etc to get to the people who are further ``` Other externalities: - Illnesses • E.g. bc further out, first responders must travel more - Time lost - Traffic accidents - Noise - Economic costs of climate change ```

Answer 46

Savings:  Cheaper land is further from city centre Costs:  Increased property taxes due to maintenance of infrastructure  Extra transportation costs since all trips require a car  Time spent driving • People who don’t drive might be isolated Because more cars on road, they made roads curvy  Takes longer to get places bc it could be a straight road  Gives a rural feel

Answer 47

Land is finite Land used for urban development is often prime agricultural land  89% of Canada’s land has no capability for agricultural use  Only 11% can support agricultural production (classes 1 – 5)  Only 0.5% of Canadian land is considered class 1 • 52% of this class 1 land is found in Ontario – very limited resource • In Ontario, 18% of class 1 land is already urbanized Open land also preserves habitat and absorbs rain  Lots of pavement = no where for rain to go  A lot of our storm drains go to rivers and can cause flooding

Answer 48

o Millions of vehicles = billions of litres of gas used o Emit millions of tonnes of pollution o 16 000 premature deaths/ yr in Canada o Air pollution costs Ontario over $1 billion/ yr  Loss of productivity, people call in sick to work

Answer 49

Burning fossil fuels = GHG emission Current impacts:  Permafrost thaw  Accelerated coastal erosion  Increasing severity of storms and droughts Future impacts

Answer 50

Sprawl requires abundant energy Gas prices important, if cheap = great; if expensive = yikes for them because they need gas to get places Sprawl requires cheap energy Suburbs will become much more expensive

Answer 51

Clearing forest and agricultural cover increases runoff Storm sewers gather oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from pavement and deposits them in rivers and lakes

Answer 52

Expansion into woodlands and wetlands destroys habitat Primary threat to woodlands and wetlands remaining near Canada’s cities

Answer 53

Absence of a “sense of place” Social loss – isolation, lack of connectivity, lack of engagement Those who cannot drive – the poor, the old, the young – are left behind

Answer 54

An attempt to make urban development a positive force for the long-term health of the economy, society, and the environment Ontario did the Greenbelt in 2006 Incentivize places – e.g. want growth on Richmond, so say you’ll fix up transit, etc near Richmond

Answer 55

2006 Put some constraint on never-ending expansion/ urban development Makes places in the greenbelt closer to the city more valuable Largest greenbelt in world Own land in green = can’t develop certain things Some parts of greenbelt are thin – so people will develop right up to both borders and then just commute through the belt because it won’t take long

Answer 56

o Preserve greenspace and farmland o Integrate land-use and transportation planning o Make full use of existing urban and infrastructure o Mix land uses o Provide a variety of transportation o Compact building design o Range of housing opportunities o Invite walking and biking o Communities with a strong sense of place

Answer 57

primary secondary tertiary quaternary All these levels involve technology 80% - service sector 20% - good producing sector

Answer 58

– extraction of raw materials - e.g. cut down tree 2% of Ontario’s GDP/ economy comes from primary Forestry, mining, agriculture

Answer 59

– conversion into product Value added – e.g. turn wood into planks = more valuable Secondary economic sector built on exporting

Answer 60

– provision of services E.g. getting you hair done, going to restaurant Most of economy + where growth is and will continue to grow

Answer 61

– collection, processions, and distribution of info Basically indistinguishable from tertiary

Answer 62

Immigrants • 1800s lots of people came because of land = population grows Canals for export Grist mills along rivers Local consumption increased as population grew Came across indigenous using land for agriculture • Started clearing land because it was good – removed deciduous forest Then started secondary – grist mills

Answer 63

Southern Ontario Ontario is a leader in Canada is total $ value of farm produce ¼ of Canada’s 229 373 farms in 2006 9 million acres of cropland in Ontario in 2006

Answer 64

Mid north Ontario - some reasonably good agricultural land, but weather not as great as it is here We have more farms, our farms are diff - they're smaller area wise so we have more of them Relatively small acreage

Answer 65

Agriculture is at risk of economic disaster bc too hold too cold, too much rain, not enough ran, avian flu, mad cow disease Lots of problems beyond control of farmer Give farmers subsidies so there's enough food for everyone Recognize the ups and downs of the farming work Subsidies + tariffs mean they're highly subject to what the government decides

Answer 66

Actors and reactors to environmental change Create environmental change - pesticides, insecticide Affected by environmental change - drought, too hot

Answer 67

Means we’re resilient o If drought, we still have dairy • Dairy, soybeans, corn, fruits + veggies More diverse than most parts of the world - We make same amount from agriculture as Saskatchewan and Alberta

Answer 68

• Soil moving around bc the rain washes it into a lake o Rivers are brown with soil - class 1 agricultural land o Faster it goes, more it can carry - gets to a lake, drops it • Rapid and large-scale clearing of land • Loss of soil • Altered the flow of rivers • Fish habitats destroyed • Flood plains • Pollution

Answer 69

o Began about 1820 o Expanded 20% per year o Largest harvests in 1889 and 1899 o Golden days over by late 1950s  Due to pollution and introduction of invasive species – not over-fishing o Approx 80% of value resides with Lake Erie fishery (yellow perch and walleye) o > 500 active commercial fishing licences in Ontario o Subsistence fishery – if you go fishing to feed your family

Answer 70

Commercial fishery banned in Lake Ontario – fish not safe to eat Lake Erie fishery viable in Canada because fish don’t get big enough to be safe to eat Small fish are what the bigger fish eat, so we stopped fishing so big fish would be big On US side, commercial fishery is banned, so they fly and monitor the middle of the lake so people don’t fish over the border

Answer 71

Caught nearly 12 000 metric tonnes of fish (~ 26 million pounds) Hauled in a catch with a dockside value of more than $33 million Contributed CAD $234 million to Ontario’s economy – not a lot

Answer 72

Early logging reason was to clear land • As land cleared, population needed buildings – need lumber 1830s – commercial logging began Paper-making began slowly, now world leaders Concerns: • Loss of resource • Water and land pollution o Chemicals used in paper making

Answer 73

80% of Ontario’s area is still forest • ON has approx 85 billion trees Many Ontario towns have at least one forest industry 80% of forest owned by province 9% is in parks • So 90% is under government control Volatile industry

Answer 74

10 yr plan for sustainability - monitoring • Limits amount removed for harvest • Renewal until “free to grow” • Protection for water and ecosystem Include public, indigenous, local consultation Strong regulation If forest fire, it will regenerate into a boreal forest because of thin, acidic soil

Answer 75

In 2011, value of Ontario’s forestry sector = $14 billion Majority was pulp and paper products = $8 billion Sawmill, engineered wood and other wood product manufactured = $3.9 billion Value-added furniture/ kitchen cabinet manufacturing = $2.1 billion US housing crisis 2008, stopped building houses so stopped ordering wood • They are major buyers

Answer 76

In total, it supports almost 200 000 direct and indirect jobs in over 260 Ontario communities Of these, 40 are categorized as highly dependent on employment in the forest sector to survive An additional 63 are identified as being moderately dependent

Answer 77

Total growing stock – 61% conifer, 39% hardwood • 5.8 billion m3 Growing stock on public land • 4.9 billion m3 Annual harvest land • 22 million m3 Have buffers around lakers, rivers, highways • Perpetual maintenance Susceptible to forest fires, - sometimes normal bc lightning • Jack pine beetle - invasive species that weaken the trees

Answer 78

o Canadian Shield and the Far North o Refined in Sudbury and Port Colborne o Very important – multibillion-dollar industry o Some ores in decline, others growing  Price of nickel and uranium high, and not many other countries sell it so if demand is high, we can sell for high o Northern Ontario – boom and bust o Environmental concerns o More than 40 mine sites operating in Ontario

Answer 79

Nickel, gold, copper, zinc, and platinum group metals Salt, gypsum, talc, calcium carbonate, nepheline syenite and other industrial minerals  Found in great lakes lowland  What we use in construction Salt mines bc used to be sea water, so lots of salt deposits  Most where canadian shield is exposed  Up north - Ring of fire - where still negotiating with indigenous

Answer 80

only one Province’s first diamond mine opened in 2008 Diamond mine - wanted ppl on the Attawapiskat to work at the mine, didn’t work out

Answer 81

Ontario leads Canada in value of non-fuel mineral production in 2013 with 23% ``` In 2009 Ontario had:  34% of Canada’s nickel production  55% of Canada’s gold production  25% of Canada’s copper production  64% of Canada’s platinum group metals production ```

Answer 82

```  Clay products – 72%  Cement – 42%  Stone – 40%  Sand and gravel – 39%  Lime – 35% ```

Answer 83

```  Hydroelectricity  Coal  Nuclear  Natural gas  Other ```

Answer 84

 Nuclear energy – 49%  Hydro – 24%  Coal – 17% • Problematic, so we don’t use a lot  Natural gas – 7% • Got from other parts of country  Other – 2%

Answer 85

```  Nuclear – 55%  Hydro – 20.4%  Gas – 13.6%  Coal – 8.3%  Wind – 1.9%  Other – 0.8% ```

Answer 86

```  Nuclear – 56.9%  Hydro – 22.2%  Gas – 14.7%  Wind + alternative – 3.4%  Coal – 2.7% ```

Answer 87

```  Nuclear – 58.5%  Hydro – 23.3%  Natural gas – 8.2%  Wind – 6.8%  Solar – 2.2%  Biomass – 0.5%  Other – 0.4%  Phased out coal ```

Answer 88

Ontario power generation They're been storing radioactive waste on-site, need a place for it bc it's going for generations • Suggested deep geologic depository – say it’s isolated from environment 680 m deep (more than CN tower) – will be in a box 1.2 km hypotenuse away from lake Lots of backlash:  How will they transport it  No one wants to live near nuclear dump  Electricity supply grid is getting more diverse, but nuclear is huge and there's waste - 50 yrs been saying we'll figure it out

Answer 89

52% of all manufactured goods in Canada  Manufacturing sales – ON, QC, AB  Ontario’s economy structured diff from other parts of Canada • No other parts have same economic level Competitive advantages  Ontario has competitive geographic advantages – close to market/ buyers • Easy to transport  Climate is good Automobiles  All car makers gone from Quebec Move toward hi-tech Diversity In decline

Answer 90

In 2012 Ontario companies exported more than $126 billion in products to the US Daily total 2-way trade in goods between Ontario and the US was valued at over $800 million Ontario’s total international trade was nearly $900 million per day

Answer 91

Gordie Howe international bridge – Canada paying for all of it Detroit declared bankruptcy after 2008 crisis Michigan basically broke • They didn't have money to pay for the Windsor/ Detroit bridge • Will be a toll bridge & Canada will collect toll until the bridge is paid off They closed border after 9/11 and Canada and US lost billion in economy - need the bridge, need to get across border

Answer 92

Countries – US, UK, Hong Kong US states – Michigan, California, NY Top exports – autos, gold (unwrought), motor vehicle parts

Answer 93

Vehicle assembly Home to 5 of world’s top automakers Produce more cars than any other North American jurisdiction every year for 10 yrs except 2013 Produced 2.37 million cars last year, compared with 2.45 million a year earlier Saw a drop during US 2008 crisis because people did not have money, so buying a car was their last thought

Answer 94

Many jobs in manufacturing industry becoming digitized + computerized Manufacturing making less of Ontario’s GDP

Answer 95

This is where economy is growing and is expected to continue to grow: Banking, insurance, investment Trade, retail, information News, research & development, education Computer technology, hospitals, health care, government, communication

Answer 96

Ontario is Canada’s most productive province  $559 billion  39% of GDP  We have most tertiary + quaternary, and far less primary + secondary Primary and secondary activities giving way to tertiary and quaternary sectors Industrial to post-industrial economy Ups and downs similar to global trends Related to US dollar  US is our market, so key to us – how much you get paid vs the cost of making the product  E.g. 2003 CAD 63 cents to USD $1, in 2013 it was a little over Generally more growth and more stability

Answer 97

Ontario first to come out of it More options, more opportunities Stronger than most places – US, UK

Answer 98

 Core vs Periphery |  Metropolis vs Periphery

Answer 99

Heartland-Hinterland system model provides framework for examining, at various geographic scales, the movement of people, goods and services, investment capital, and technology from one region to another

Answer 100

``` o Small land area o High concentration of population o Highly urbanized population o Corporate control o Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities dominate o Industrial core o Cities with diversified economies o Good physical qualities o Access to markets o Well integrated system of cities – greater golden horseshoe o Capacity for innovation and change o Economic, social, and political power ```

Answer 101

``` o The rest (large land area) o Low concentration of population o Scattered population o More rural population o Lower incomes  Because of fewer economic activities – e.g. one major employer = fewer opportunities o Primary activities dominate o Produce few finished goods o Towns with specialized economies o More unemployment o Lower market potential o Weakly integrated urban systems o Limited innovative capacity o Limited political power o Dependency upon heartland ```

Answer 102

``` o Origin of a heartland is primarily economic - However, end result of heartland-hinterland relationship is allocation of power to the heartland and the creation of a dependency relationship o Growth process that is self-sustaining o Threshold population o Economies of scale - Everybody specializing what they’re good at – so get more stuff for same amount of people and resources o Growth attracts more growth o Economies of agglomeration o Demand for staple commodities o Purchases resources from hinterland o Government transfers o Cultural transfers ```

Answer 103

``` Capital Labour Technology Entrepreneurship Other ```

Answer 104

Windsor-Quebec Axis Southern area from Windsor to Quebec where most people live Other smaller regional heartlands: Vancouver, Edmonton/ Calgary, Winnipeg, Halifax South central Ontario and the golden horseshoe

Answer 105

Agricultural, commercial, and industrial belt Along the western end of Lake Ontario between St Catherine’s and Oshawa

Answer 106

Ontario prospered – diverse economy & power Economic management of Canada linked to Ontario Ontario supported strong federal government Preserved central role by blocking attempts by other provinces to gather more powers In favour of NAFTA

Answer 107

o Rifts with the rest of Canada o Are our interests compatible? o Heartland – not strong enough term o Ontario prominent on a continental scale o Ontario needs a more continental orientation?

Answer 108

NY market is close Alberta sells oil to US  Alberta’s GDP directly related to price of oil  Not a large market under prairies  Cali, Texas, NY are big markets – Cali + Texas are far

Answer 109

Ontario’s trade as percent of GDP – 1989 – year we signed free trade agreement 1988 – had election about free trade agreement with US Black line – international exports - increases Grey line – interprovincial exports – decreases Transformative for Ontario’s economy – not really for Canada Opened a market that wasn’t there for all things particualry secondary and teritary

Answer 110

– no tariffs when selling across borders | • Got rid of ~ 95% of taxes

Answer 111

3rd largest economy in North America – Cali, NY, Ontario 3rd largest economy in North America – Cali, NY, Ontario – for FDI projects Forbes magazine – Ontario a top destination for FDI in North America and top rankings in job creation, tax reform, and health care Site selection magazine – ranked Ontario as Canada’s most competitive province

Answer 112

o Representation by population o Used to have 308 seats  106 in Ontario

Answer 113

Every 10 yrs, make sure each province in adequately represented by population Done using census data Provincial quotient is most important to look at as Areej • Diff provinces have diff quotients • Means that many ppl voting to get that person to Ottawa • ON, AB, BC get fewer reps/ person, so population per riding is not equal Pop growth happened and we didn't account for it in our federal govt • So basically so many ppl in ON/ AB/ BC so not enough ppl repping Still gave quebec seats even though their pop is declining • I guess their pop is diff culture, so I guess they can have more seats Basically the unequal seats means a vote in diff parts in canada has diff weight everyone else  Disproportional  We are underrepresented in federal govt • Need to give them more represenation by population bc pop growth, so need to add more seats

Answer 114

``` o Geographic situation o Population o Economy o Political power o Connection with federal government o Connection with other provinces o Connection with US ```

Answer 115

underpinning "regions of the mind" regional disconnect

Answer 116

 Geographic proximity  Economic/ political  Fiscal • Government gets more revenue and gives it out for social services so all needs are met • Have and Have-not provinces o Provinces that make more and get more o Provinces that make less and get more  Cultural • Quebec culture diff from culture in territories

Answer 117

 Imagines communities |  Regional identity

Answer 118

 Regional discontentment must be mobilized

Answer 119

Courchene and Telmer Ontario as a region-state Why?  Globalization  Move to an information economy  Fiscal decentralization in Canada • Federal gov giving provinces control over revenue from primary • Allow provinces to generate revenue for their own use at their own discretion from primary economic Doesn’t really affect Ontario – we only get 2%

Answer 120

Outwardly/internationally oriented economy (Great Lakes economy) Government and policy activity to develop that economy Appropriate scale and size to be natural business unit (Ontario vs Golden Horseshoe)

Answer 121

Policies to enhance Ontario’s ability to compete in NA & global marketplace NA & global marketplace influence Ontario’s policies Canada less a single E-W economy More a series of N-S economies  More w US than with Canada Challenge of Ontario as a region state o To maintain east-west social, economic, and political union in face of north-south trading nexus EU is a region state because they can trade freely between countries

Answer 122

Autopact in 60s Free trade agreement in 80s  Signed in 1989  Cancelable in 6 months notice – the people (John Turner) arguing in the video  Stayed this long, until last year 2018 when Trump canceled it  Free trade – facilitating movement of goods and services across border unencumbered by rules, regulations, taxes to make it easier and like there is not border • Things moving across border without tariffs  Our fear is losing identity/ control • e.g. when trump cut the free trade agreement Added Mexico in 1993 – became NA free trade agreement (NAFTA) in 90s USMCA – signed but not ratified – based off NAFTA

Answer 123

- Manitoulin Island in Georgian Bay is the world’s largest freshwater island - 2,766 square kilometres

Answer 124

- Sault Ste. Marie is the Ontario city located closest to the halfway point of the Trans-Canada Highway that runs from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John’s, Newfoundland - Ontario is home to more than one time zone Boundary line between the Central Time Zone and Eastern Time Zone is just west of Thunder Bay running north from the United States border to Hudson Bay

Answer 125

□ Northwestern Ontario | □ Northeastern Ontario

Answer 126

Central Ontario (although not actually the province’s geographic centre) Eastern Ontario Golden Horseshoe Southwestern Ontario (parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario)

Answer 127

Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87% of the surface area of the province Southern Ontario contains 94% of the population Composed of the Lockport geological formation of Silurian age, and is similar to the Onondaga geological formation, which runs parallel to it and just to the south, through the western portion of New York and southern Ontario In February 1990, the Niagara Escarpment was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, making it one of twelve in Canada Development and land use on and adjacent to the physical escarpment is regulated by the Niagara Escarpment Commission, an agency of the Ontario government

Answer 128

Parts of Southwestern Ontario have a moderate humid continental climate Central and Eastern Ontario have a more severe humid continental climate The northernmost parts of Ontario — primarily north of 50N have a subarctic climate with long, severely cold winters and short, cool to warm summers with dramatic temperature changes possible in all seasons

Answer 129

This region has warm, humid summers and cold winters Annual precipitation ranges from 75–100cm + well distributed throughout the year with a usual summer peak Most of this region lies in the lee of the Great Lakes making for abundant snow in some areas Point Pelee and Middle Island, the southernmost parts of the country, are at the dividing line of a humid continental climate and a humid subtropical climate

Answer 130

This region has warm and sometimes hot summers with colder longer winters, with ample snowfall and roughly equal annual precipitation as the rest of Southern Ontario Along the eastern shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, frequent heavy lake-effect snow squalls increase seasonal snowfall totals upwards of 3m in some places

Answer 131

With no major mountain ranges blocking sinking Arctic air masses, temperatures of −40°C are not uncommon, snowfall remains on the ground for sometimes over half a year Precipitation is generally less than 70cm

Answer 132

Severe and non-severe thunderstorms peak in summer London - in Southern (Southwestern) Ontario Has most lightning strikes per year in Canada Avg 34 days of thunderstorm activity per year In a typical year, Ontario averages 15 confirmed tornado touchdowns They are rarely destructive (the majority between F0 to F2 on the Fujita scale) Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south, but are rarely deadly A notable exception was Hurricane Hazel which struck Toronto, in October 1954 Winter storms can disrupt power supply and transportation, severe ice storms can also occur, especially in the east

Answer 133

The Great Lakes Basin covers an area of 750,000 square kilometres; this basin includes eight U.S. states, most of southern Ontario and extends into northern Ontario More than 98% of Ontario residents – 13 million people – live within the Great Lakes Basin Most live near the shores, in eight of Canada’s 20 largest cities, which include Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor and Sarnia People of Ontario depend on the Great Lakes for their drinking water Over 70%, or 3/4 residents, get their drinking water from the lakes

Answer 134

Hudson bay lowlands (subarctic barrens) § Contains 19% of Ontario’s forests Boreal forest, the largest forest region in Ontario and Canada § Contains 58% of Ontario’s forests Great Lakes-St. Lawrence § Contains 19% of Ontario’s forests ``` Deciduous forest (Southern Ontario) § Contains 3% of Ontario’s forests ```

Answer 135

Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals The largest + best known → Sudbury Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007 The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater

Answer 136

British Columbia’s Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island Edmonton-Calgary corridor Toronto’s Golden Horseshoe region along Lake Ontario and up to Lake Simcoe Greater Montreal area

Answer 137

Curitiba - a Brazilian city - Came up with plan to integrate traffic management, transportation, and land-use planning, with main roads modified to give public transport the highest priority Singapore - Placed limitations on the purchase and use of cars - Developing new neighbourhoods around subway stations Central London - Number of private cars reduced by 20 per cent through “congestion pricing" Fee for cars to enter the central city Money collected from these fees will be used to improve public transport

Answer 138

Suburban house price is artificially lower as a result of significant government subsidies Provincial and local funds (including some raised by “development charges” levied on builders and passed on to homebuyers) pay for the infrastructure of roads, water and sewage lines and new schools If these costs and the costs of environmental impacts were included, then suburban housing loses some of its price advantage over traditional neighbourhoods

Answer 139

Suburban sprawl is not sustainable Relies on transportation that consumes fossil fuel at wasteful rates Diminishes scarce agricultural land and assaults natural habitat on a massive scale

Answer 140

Our economy is shifting away from jobs based largely on physical skills or repetitive tasks to ones that require analytical skills and judgment transformation involves moving from routine-oriented jobs to creativity-oriented jobs

Answer 141

Harnessing creative potential of all Ontarians Broaden our talent base Establish new social safety nets Build province-wide geographic advantage

Answer 142

Require workers to carry out tasks in a prescribed order or to do the same tasks repetitively according to a pre-ordained set of operating procedures Run an algorithm – a specific set of procedures that will produce the desired result e.g. assembly line in a factory

Answer 143

Apply thinking skills and knowledge to changing situations and to make decisions on how best to proceed e.g. lawyers, analysts, scientists

Answer 144

More money made in creative jobs than routine jobs Physical labour workers declining as a percentage of the total work force and are much more likely to be unemployed, especially in an economic downturn Need to improve the wages and working conditions of those who work in the routine-oriented jobs Service occupation workers - there are lots because of rise of creative occupations - e.g. retail clerks, restaurant and hotel staff Those in the creativity-oriented occupations rely on people in the service economy Service economy is the supporting infrastructure of the creative age

Answer 145

Routine-oriented PHYSICAL jobs have declined Routine-oriented SERVICE jobs have grown those in these jobs more likely to be part-time Creativity-oriented and routine-oriented SERVICE occupations will continue to grow much faster than routine-physical occupations

Answer 146

1) Economic growth will no longer be limited by physical resources and hours in a day, since creativity is potentially a limitless resource 2) Participation in the creative economy can grow beyond the third of occupations that are creativity-oriented

Answer 147

1) Physical skills § e.g. lifting and manual dexterity are the ones we honed in the old manufacturing economy § Steel workers, firefighters, electricians, etc. 2 creative skills matter more now § Next 2 are creativity-oriented, 1 is routine-oriented 2) Analytical skills § e.g. pattern recognition and problem solving are extremely important to the knowledge-driven economy § Surgeons, biomed engineers, etc. 3) Social intelligence skills § Situational sensitivity and persuasiveness □ Required for team building and the mobilization of a group’s skills § Psychiatrists, lawyers, marketing managers, chief execs, etc.

Answer 148

Tolerance § Open + tolerant to diversity/ diverse ppl who want to join the field Talent § Prosperity is closely associated with concentrations of highly educated people □ Known as human capital Technology § A public and private good that increases wealth, attracts talent to regions, and leads to economic growth

test-1 Flashcards

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