Test 1

Question 1

Mechanisms of Evolution

Answer 1

1) Mutation
2) Selection
3) genetic drift
4) migration

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

A trait that increases an organisms fitness relative to the individuals lacking it

Question 3

Heritability

Answer 3

The fraction of the variation in a population that is due to differences in genes, can be any value between 0 and 1.

Question 4

Darwin’s Postulates

Answer 4

1) individuals within a population differ
2) the differences are, at least in part, passed from parents to offspring
3) some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing
4) The successful individuals are not lucky, instead they succeed bc of the variant traits they have inherited and will pass to their offspring

Question 5

Phylogeny

Answer 5

A visual representation of the evolutionary history of populations, genes, or species

Question 6

Phylogeny “transitions”

Answer 6

Evolutionary modifications between nodes

Question 7

Nodes

Answer 7

Most common ancestor for associated descendants

Question 8

Monophyletic

Answer 8

Ultimate goal, clade with common ancestors and all its descendants

Question 9

Paraphyletic

Answer 9

Share a common ancestor, but not all descendants are included in the group

Question 10

Polyphyletic

Answer 10

Doesn’t include common ancestor to all members of the group

Question 11

Homology

Answer 11

Shared trait due to shared ancestry

Question 12

Homoplasy

Answer 12

Shared traits due to convergence or reversals

Question 13

Synamorphy

Answer 13

Shared derived trait —> traits that have evolved

Question 14

Synplesiomorphy

Answer 14

Shared ancestral trait

Question 15

Parsimony

Answer 15

Hypothesis that requires the fewest evolutionary changes in the characters of interest

Question 16

Convergent evolution

Answer 16

Independent evolution of the same trait in multiple unrelated species

Question 17

Evolutionary reversals

Answer 17

Gain and loss of derived traits —> often returns to ancestral condition

Question 18

Alignment

Answer 18

Comparing homologous sequences, any insertions or deletions in must be identified and the sequence must be shifted to bring them into register

Question 19

Synapamorphy

Answer 19

Derived character shared by two or more lineages

Question 20

Apomorphy

Answer 20

Derived character, non informative

Question 21

SNP

Answer 21

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 22

Transversion

Answer 22

When change in nucleotide results in different AA coding

Question 23

Transition

Answer 23

Change in nucleotide results in same AA coding

Question 24

Bootstrapping

Answer 24

Resampling informative DNA seq.

Question 25

Benefits of phylogeny with DNA seq.

Answer 25

1) massive amounts of information | 2) 3 billion bp in mammals

Question 26

Drawbacks of phylogeny with DNA seq.

Answer 26

1) expensive | 2) only can do in extant species

Question 27

Dog and tumor example

Answer 27

Tumors were closely related so the CTVT cells move from dog to dog

Question 28

Three sources of phenotypic variation

Answer 28

1) genetic variation 2) Environmental variation —> specific genotype in 2 different environments, 2 different phenotypes & outcomes 3) genotype and environmental interactions

Question 29

Variance o2

Answer 29

Heritability —> variance

Question 30

Mean

Answer 30

Centrality

Question 31

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 31

Identical genotypes produce different outcomes based on environment