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Plant Propagation > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

annual

A

plant completes sequence, seed germination to death, with seed set in one season.

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2
Q

biennial

A

plant has 1st season vegetative, transitional rosette, 2nd season reproductive w/ death and seed set.

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3
Q

herbaceous perennial

A

shoots grow and dieback to ground every season, roots and shoots survive underground, several season to flower and seed.

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4
Q

woody perennial

A

similar to herbaceous, but stems and shoots, with apical buds remain above ground. Seasons are active and dormant, in tropics dry and wet. Several season to flower and set seed.

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5
Q

clonal life cycle

A

starts from propagule, more mature than seedling and may never proceed to seed set.

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6
Q

Seedling Life Cycle- Phase 1

A

embryonic; requires nutrients from mother

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7
Q

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 2

A

juvenile; bipolar development of shoots and roots.

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8
Q

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 3

A

transitional; growth slows and flowers appear.

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9
Q

Seedling Life Cycle Phase 4

A

mature; flowers and seed appears, particularly at periphery.

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10
Q

species

A

natural grouping of plants that have common characteristic in appearance, freely interbreed with each other, and the progeny is fertile.

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11
Q

cultivar

A

group of plants that have originated in cultivation, are unique in appearance, and are maintained during propagation.

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cell division, growth occurs in the meristems, cells differentiate to form tissues and organs

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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

cells divide

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14
Q

karyokinesis

A

chromosomes divide

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15
Q

meiosis

A

REDUCTIONAL DIVISION½ CHROMOSOME NUMBER-

cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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16
Q

genotype

A

The total combination of genes in an individual (nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast).

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17
Q

phenotype

A

appearance of a plant in an environment

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene(s)

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19
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particuar gene(s)

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20
Q

seedling populations

A

segregate because heterozygous gene pairs randomly assort

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21
Q

cloning

A

(vegetative propagation) instantly fixes the plant (all progeny come from mitosis)

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22
Q

Cell and tissue culture

A

growing pieces of plants, aseptically, in complete organic medium

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23
Q

DNA based markers

A

fragments of DNA used to characterize genomes,

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24
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

moving genetic fragments from one species to another. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have functioning genes introduced

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25
Q

genes

A

funcional units on chromosome that code for proteins

26
Q

DNA

A

molecule that specifies gene function

27
Q

transcription

A

copying messengerRNA from DNA

28
Q

translation

A

copying mRNA to a protein using transferRNA to position amino acids

29
Q

genome

A

all DNA in the nucleous

30
Q

hormone

A

change the pattern of growth and development by regulating gene action

31
Q

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)

A

synthetic chemical analogs; very often more potent than natural chemical and often used in propagation

32
Q

Auxins

A

growth promoter, inhibited by light, promotes adventitous roots

33
Q

cytokinins

A

growth promoter, initiates cell division, slows aging, used to break appical dominance, high cytok/auxin ratio promotes shoots

34
Q

gibberellins

A

growth promoter, elongation and division, stem elongation and fruit enlargement

35
Q

abscisic acid

A

growth retardant, present in all plant organs, closes stomata in response to water stress, induces dormancy in seed, helps in developing embryos in tissue culture

36
Q

ethylene

A

wound responce, causes epinastic growth and abscission

37
Q

propagule

A

most general term to describe cuttings, seeds, grafts, layers and tissue culture plants.

38
Q

plugs

A

small transplants from seed

39
Q

layers

A

plats from layering

40
Q

liners

A

asexual transplant from cuttings or tissue culture

41
Q

plantlets

A

from tissue culture

42
Q

hardening off

A

slowly reducing mist and increasing light and wind

43
Q

acclimation

A

adjusting for the climate

44
Q

landrace

A

varieties selected before science (or writing) adapted and productive in local area

45
Q

open pollinated varieties

A

modern inbreds designed to perform well in many production environments

46
Q

heirlooms

A

mostly self-pollinated inbreds, selected in gardens, associated with a small group of people; similar to landrace

47
Q

fixed

A

inbreeding lines until they are homozygous

48
Q

hyrbids

A

cross two different inbreds resulting in many heterozygous loci

49
Q

inbreeding

A

eleminates heterozygotes over time

50
Q

outcrossing

A

male and female largely unrelated, heterosis (hybrid vigorz0

51
Q

isolation

A

controlling pollen source and collecting seed from true to type females

52
Q

roguing

A

discarding off types in seed production field

53
Q

running out

A

when an heirloom no longer meets expectations

54
Q

varieties

A

distinct phenotype within a species

55
Q

ecotypes

A

fits a special niche

56
Q

clines

A

continual variation over geographic region

57
Q

provenance

A

when tree seeds come from a region

58
Q

agriculture

A

propagating and growing for human use

59
Q

domestication

A

selecting specific wild plants for human use

60
Q

plant propagation

A

multiplying plants while preserving useful traits

Plant Propagation (2 decks)

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