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Toxicology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Paved the way for the modern FDA

A

1906 pure food and drug act

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2
Q

1953

A

First poison control center formed in Chicago

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3
Q

Methanol poisoning found in what

A

Antifreeze
Copy machine fluids
Windshield wiper fluid
Paint remover

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4
Q

S/S of methanol poisoning

A 
Breathing
Blurred vision
Agitated
Coma
Abdominal pain
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5
Q

Methanol is metabolized by the liver into formaldehyde into what? And what does it lead to?

A

Formic acid

Metabolic acidosis and tissue injury

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6
Q

S/S of radium poisoning

A

Anemia
Necrosis of the jaw
Osteopenia sarcoma

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7
Q

Leaded gas affects

A

Neurotoxin
Low IQ and antisocial behavior
Increased crime rates & leaded gas areas

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8
Q

Lead pollution from what?

A

Exhaust and dirt deposits

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9
Q

Antidote

A

Substance that neutralizes

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10
Q

Adsorbent

A

Substance adsorbs another substance

Ex: activated charcoal—substance must be ionic to bind

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11
Q

Most common type of poisoning

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Contraindications to induce vomiting

A

Corrosive substances (acids, cleaners, detergents)
Volatile petroleum products (gas, lighter fluid)
Convulsants (strychnine, iodine)
Unconscious
Under 1 year old
Cardiac or vascular disease

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13
Q

Examples of convulsants

A

Iodine and strychnine

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14
Q

Odor of cyanide

A

Bitter almonds

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15
Q

Odor or organophosphates such as arsenic

A

Garlic

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16
Q

Odor of methyl salicylates

A

Wintergreen

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17
Q

Odor of DKA, isopropyl alcohol

A

Fruity

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18
Q

1 cause of unintentional overdose

A

Opioid narcotics

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19
Q

1 drug used for intentional overdose

A

Acetaminophen

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20
Q

Most commonly reported poison

A

Analgesics (acetaminophen)

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21
Q

1 poisonous killer?

A

Carbon monoxide

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22
Q

What disorders are usually found with occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing?

A

Skin disorders

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23
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Black lung disease with coal dust inhalation

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24
Q

Silicosis

A

Inhalation of crystalline silica

Workers in mines, quarries and glass manufacturing

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25
Byssinosis
Brown lung disease | Inhalation of dust from cotton, flax, hemp
26
Woolsorters disease
Infection from inhalation of anthrax
27
S/s of carbon monoxide poisoning
``` #1 cause of accidental poisioning deaths HA Nausea Fatigue often mistaken for FLU Can lead to brain damage ```
28
#2 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers
Radon
29
Radon poisoning entry and s/s?
Odorless/colorless gets in through cracks in foundation | No immediate s/s’s
30
Stages of arsenic poisoning
1. Metallic taste in mouth and excessive saliva production, issues swallowing 2. Vomit/diarrhea, garlic breath, abdominal cramps, sweating 3. Seizures, shock, death from kidney failure
31
What things are arsenic associate with
``` Cancer Diabetes Skin thickening Liver disease GI issues Paresthesias Hearing issues ```
32
Sources of mercury poisinong
Shark, tuna, swordfish
33
Limit of mercury for pregnant women
No more than 7 ounces of tuna/week
34
S/s of mercury poisoning
Neurotoxin Kidney and brain damage In utero exposure: issues with memory, attention, language etc.
35
Population most prone to lead poisoning
Children under 6
36
S/s of lead poisoning in children and adults
Children: BLUE GUMS Low IQ, learning issues, ADD/ADHD, behavior issues, stunted growth, kidney damage High dose: retardation, coma, death Adults: increase BP, fertility issues, nerve issues, muscle/joint pain, memory/concentration issues
37
How is aluminum absorbed and it is a heavy metal?
GI tract, lung, skin | Not technically
38
Where does most of our aluminum intake come from and how much per day?
3-10mg/day from municipal water supplies
39
S/s of aluminum toxicity
Toxic to brain and nervous system Digestive issues, nervousness, anemia, HA, memory loss, speech issues, aching muscles, impaired Ca+ metabolism -many s/s mimic ALZHEIMERS disease and osteoporosis
40
What two diseases does aluminum toxicity mimic?
Alzheimer’s and osteoporosis
41
What are the 6 categories of endocrine disrupting chemicals?
``` Industrial solvents Plastics Pesticides Pharmaceutical agents Plasticizers Preservatives ```
42
How are dioxins released into environment
Forest fires, burning trash etc
43
What endocrine distrusting chemical was found in agent orange
Dioxin
44
Where do dioxins and PCBs accumulate
They are lipophilic so in fatty tissue of animals
45
Where is 90% of dioxins and PCB exposure from?
Food. Animal fats
46
Half life of dioxins and PCBs
D: 7-11years P:8-15 years Excreted in feces, urging, breast milk
47
Affects of dioxins and PCBs
``` Cancer developing at earlier age than usual Immune damage Hormone dysfunction (thyroid/Type 2) Rashes Skis discoloration/thickening Scaring Body hair (hirsuit) Liver damage ```
48
Bisphenol A (BPA) is what and used for what
Synthetic estrogen | Harden polycarbonate and prevent bacterial growth
49
Human exposure to BPA is from what?
Mainly canned food, food heated in plastic containers
50
S/s of BPA exposure
``` Lower semen quality Abnormal brain development ADD/ADHD Type 2 diabetes Asthma ```
51
How to avoid BPA
Don’t microwave in plastic containers Avoid plastics with code #7 Use codes #2 and #5
52
What is the current source of DDT contamination
Atmospheric depositsion | Can take more than 15 years to break down
53
Human exposure to DDT and S/S?
``` Imported food Carcinogen Liver damage NS damage Decreases fertility ```
54
What is the second MC pesticide in the US
Atrazine
55
Where is atrazine found
Contaminated streams and groundwater
56
Effects of atrazine
``` Heart, lung, kidney congestion HoTN Muscle spasms Weight loss Muscle degeneration Mammary tumors ```
57
What what’s diethlstilbestrol used for>
Synthetic estrogen given to pregnant women 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage or premature labor
58
Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Women: increase breast CA risk DES daughters: 40x risk of clear cell adenocarcinoma, 2x breast CA, fertility issues DES sons: testicular abnormalities
59
Phthalates-plasticizers uses
PVC flexibility, cosmetics, clothes, toys etc.
60
Effects of plasticizers
``` Lipophilic Developmental abnormalities Infertility/decreased sperm count Asthma/allergy Obesity Some CA ```
61
What might phthalates be described as on product labels?
“Fragrance”
62
How to avoid phthalates
“Fragrance” | Avoid #3 recycle code
63
How are parabens absorbed?
Through the skin and GI tract and blood | -shampoos, conditioners, lotions etc
64
Effects of parabens
Infertility Asthma/allergies Obesity Some cancers (breast)
65
What are parabens labeled as in most products?
“Methyl-“ “Ethyl-“ “Propyl-“ “Isopropyl”
66
Potential risks for topical application of essential oils
Irritation, allergy, phototoxicity | Long-term use associated with increased risk of allergy
67
What oils should be avoided with children under 8
``` Peppermint Thyme Camphor Sage Lavandula stoechas ```
68
Cautions with birch oil
98% salicylate (aka aspirin)
69
Cautions with cinnamon oil
Stomatitis and skin lesions it’s contact | Hallucinogen when smoked
70
Cautions with eucalyptus oil
70% Eugenol—CNS represent
71
Cautions with wintergreen oil
98% salicylate (aspirin)
72
Earliest regulation of color additives
1272 King Edward. Bread with harmful white colorings
73
Food adulteration act of 1860
Did nothing but scare consumers
74
What was the first synthetic color additive
Mauveine (mauve) derived from benzene from coal tar in 1856
75
Delaney clause of 1960 and de mini is exceptions
Does not allow use of any colors, additives or pesticides that were shown to cause cancer Things that had a lower than 1-1million were considered
76
Red scare of 1970s
Thought to be toxic to gonads but not found true in humans
77
Yellow dye myth
1990s that yellow #5 in Mountain Dew would shrink testicles
78
Cochinel extract and carmine
From crushed female cochineal bugs | Used in popsicles, strawberry milk, cheese, candy yogurt etc.
79
Dye
Water soluble color
80
Lakes
Dyes that are dispersed in oil emulsions Used for fat based foods Ex: red 40 aluminum lake
81
What is the result of human studies and food additives
20% of kids with hyperactivity improved when diet of additives was restricted
82
Human studies and tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5)
Increased urinary zinc excretion and the more excreted the more behavior changes Can affect the brain without crossing the barrier
83
1906 pure food and drug act
First attempt to protect consumers. Created standards for strength purity and quality Required labeling if contained dangerous things
84
1938 federal food, drug, and cosmetic act (FD & C)
Authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs and create standards and conduct inspections
85
1951 FD&C Durham-Humphrey amendment
Defines drugs that could only be purchased if patient had a prescription for them
86
1958 FD &C food additives amendment
Approval of new food additives is required and safety must be determined before marketing
87
1962 FD&C Kefauver-Harris amendment
Drug manufacturers required label any adverse reactions and contraindications
88
1960 thalidomide
Used as sleep aid and to treat morning sickness Lead to birth defects
89
1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevent and control act
Aka: controlled substances act Regulate dispensing rugs that have potential for abuse
90
Schedule 1 drugs
Heroin, LSD, marijuana, molly, meth, peyote
91
Schedule 2 drugs
Vicodin, cocaine, Demerol, oxycodone, adderall, Ritalin
92
Schedule 3 drugs
Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
93
Schedule 4 drugs
Xanax, Valium, tramadol
94
Schedule five drugs
Robitussin, etc
95
1994 dietary supplements health and education act
FDA required to take action against unsafe dietary supplement after reaches market
96
1996 food quality protection act
Stricter pesticide safety standards
97
FDA
``` Food labeling Packaging Pharmaceuticals Vaccines Tobacco Cosmetics ```
98
DEA (drug enforcement administration)
Controlled substances only Enforce laws against activity Changes schedules of drugs
99
USDA
Food distribution | School lunch programs
100
EPA
Agricultural and industrial chemicals
101
CPSC (consumer products safety commission)
Recalls unsafe consumer products
102
OSHA
Workplace chemical exposure
103
What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US
Tobacco
104
COPD deaths due to smoking
80%
105
Trends in tobacco use (who uses)
Unemployed Poor Uninsured or Medicaid Less education
106
What is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the US
Alcohol
107
Alcohol consumption trends
Whites Educated Full time employment (However, heavier use is MC in unemployed)
108
What does chronic alcoholism do to the brain
Loss of neuronal tissue
109
What is the most common illicit drug used?
Marijuana
110
Who are more likely to abuse illicit drugs
Males
111
Who are more likely to abuse prescription drugs
M=F
112
What is the most widely abused narcotic
Heroin
113
Synesthesia
Mixing of the senses | Ex: mescaline and LSD
114
Controlled substances analogue act of 1986
Reduce flow of designer drugs
115
Drugs that are increasing in iowa
Marijuana Meth Heroin Decrease: alcohol
116
What is the antidote for acetaminophen
N-acetylcysteine
117
What is the antidote for benzodiazepines
Flumazenil
118
Antidote for carbamate insecticides
Atropine
119
What is the antidote for lead
EDTA
120
What is the antidote for opioids
Naloxone
121
What is the antidote for organophosphates
Atropine and pralidoxime
122
What is the antidote for warfarin and heparin
Vitamin K
123
What essential oils are phenols
Eugenol, thymol, guiacol
124
What are the effects of phenols
Anti fungals and anti inflammatory
125
What are the safety issues with phenols
Skin and mucus membrane irritation | Hepatotoxic
126
What are phenols found in
``` Aniseed Star Anise Cinnamon Clove Fennel Thyme ```
127
What are the effects of aldehydes
Antimicrobial
128
What are the safety issues with aldehydes
Skin irritating
129
What are aldehydes found in
Lemongrass Lemon verbena Cinnamon
130
What are examples of ketones in essential oils
Camphor Jasmone Octanone
131
What are the effects of ketones
Antimicrobial
132
What are the safety issues with ketones
Hepatotoxic | Neurotoxin
133
What oils are ketones found in
Camphor Caraway Sage Spearmint
134
What are the photo sensations essential oils
``` Angelica root Bergamot Bitter orange Grapefruit Lemon Lime Mandarin petitigrain Rue Tagetes Verbena ``` ***a lot of fruits
135
Oils with potential toxicity
``` Artemesia arborescens Camphor Ho leaf Lanyara Melaleuca bracteata Sassafras Savin Tansy Tarragon Thuja ```
136
Safety information on eucalyptus
Contains 70% eugenol Epigastric burning Seizures CNS depression when ingested
137
Melaleuca oil safety information
``` Aka tee tree oil Sedation Confusion Coma CNS depressant ```
138
Safety information on peppermint oil
50% methanol Oral mucosa irritant CNS depression Metabolic acidosis

Toxicology (1 decks)

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