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Toxicology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paved the way for the modern FDA

A

1906 pure food and drug act

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2
Q

1953

A

First poison control center formed in Chicago

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3
Q

Methanol poisoning found in what

A

Antifreeze
Copy machine fluids
Windshield wiper fluid
Paint remover

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4
Q

S/S of methanol poisoning

A 
Breathing
Blurred vision
Agitated
Coma
Abdominal pain
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5
Q

Methanol is metabolized by the liver into formaldehyde into what? And what does it lead to?

A

Formic acid

Metabolic acidosis and tissue injury

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6
Q

S/S of radium poisoning

A

Anemia
Necrosis of the jaw
Osteopenia sarcoma

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7
Q

Leaded gas affects

A

Neurotoxin
Low IQ and antisocial behavior
Increased crime rates & leaded gas areas

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8
Q

Lead pollution from what?

A

Exhaust and dirt deposits

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9
Q

Antidote

A

Substance that neutralizes

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10
Q

Adsorbent

A

Substance adsorbs another substance

Ex: activated charcoal—substance must be ionic to bind

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11
Q

Most common type of poisoning

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Contraindications to induce vomiting

A

Corrosive substances (acids, cleaners, detergents)
Volatile petroleum products (gas, lighter fluid)
Convulsants (strychnine, iodine)
Unconscious
Under 1 year old
Cardiac or vascular disease

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13
Q

Examples of convulsants

A

Iodine and strychnine

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14
Q

Odor of cyanide

A

Bitter almonds

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15
Q

Odor or organophosphates such as arsenic

A

Garlic

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16
Q

Odor of methyl salicylates

A

Wintergreen

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17
Q

Odor of DKA, isopropyl alcohol

A

Fruity

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18
Q

1 cause of unintentional overdose

A

Opioid narcotics

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19
Q

1 drug used for intentional overdose

A

Acetaminophen

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20
Q

Most commonly reported poison

A

Analgesics (acetaminophen)

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21
Q

1 poisonous killer?

A

Carbon monoxide

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22
Q

What disorders are usually found with occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing?

A

Skin disorders

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23
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Black lung disease with coal dust inhalation

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24
Q

Silicosis

A

Inhalation of crystalline silica

Workers in mines, quarries and glass manufacturing

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25
Q

Byssinosis

A

Brown lung disease

Inhalation of dust from cotton, flax, hemp

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26
Q

Woolsorters disease

A

Infection from inhalation of anthrax

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27
Q

S/s of carbon monoxide poisoning

A 
#1 cause of accidental poisioning deaths
HA
Nausea
Fatigue
often mistaken for FLU
Can lead to brain damage
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28
Q

2 cause of lung cancer in non-smokers

A

Radon

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29
Q

Radon poisoning entry and s/s?

A

Odorless/colorless gets in through cracks in foundation

No immediate s/s’s

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30
Q

Stages of arsenic poisoning

A
  1. Metallic taste in mouth and excessive saliva production, issues swallowing
  2. Vomit/diarrhea, garlic breath, abdominal cramps, sweating
  3. Seizures, shock, death from kidney failure
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31
Q

What things are arsenic associate with

A 
Cancer
Diabetes
Skin thickening
Liver disease
GI issues
Paresthesias
Hearing issues
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32
Q

Sources of mercury poisinong

A

Shark, tuna, swordfish

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33
Q

Limit of mercury for pregnant women

A

No more than 7 ounces of tuna/week

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34
Q

S/s of mercury poisoning

A

Neurotoxin
Kidney and brain damage

In utero exposure: issues with memory, attention, language etc.

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35
Q

Population most prone to lead poisoning

A

Children under 6

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36
Q

S/s of lead poisoning in children and adults

A

Children: BLUE GUMS
Low IQ, learning issues, ADD/ADHD, behavior issues, stunted growth, kidney damage
High dose: retardation, coma, death

Adults: increase BP, fertility issues, nerve issues, muscle/joint pain, memory/concentration issues

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37
Q

How is aluminum absorbed and it is a heavy metal?

A

GI tract, lung, skin

Not technically

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38
Q

Where does most of our aluminum intake come from and how much per day?

A

3-10mg/day from municipal water supplies

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39
Q

S/s of aluminum toxicity

A

Toxic to brain and nervous system
Digestive issues, nervousness, anemia, HA, memory loss, speech issues, aching muscles, impaired Ca+ metabolism
-many s/s mimic ALZHEIMERS disease and osteoporosis

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40
Q

What two diseases does aluminum toxicity mimic?

A

Alzheimer’s and osteoporosis

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41
Q

What are the 6 categories of endocrine disrupting chemicals?

A 
Industrial solvents
Plastics
Pesticides
Pharmaceutical agents
Plasticizers
Preservatives
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42
Q

How are dioxins released into environment

A

Forest fires, burning trash etc

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43
Q

What endocrine distrusting chemical was found in agent orange

A

Dioxin

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44
Q

Where do dioxins and PCBs accumulate

A

They are lipophilic so in fatty tissue of animals

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45
Q

Where is 90% of dioxins and PCB exposure from?

A

Food. Animal fats

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46
Q

Half life of dioxins and PCBs

A

D: 7-11years
P:8-15 years
Excreted in feces, urging, breast milk

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47
Q

Affects of dioxins and PCBs

A 
Cancer developing at earlier age than usual
Immune damage
Hormone dysfunction (thyroid/Type 2)
Rashes
Skis discoloration/thickening
Scaring
Body hair (hirsuit) 
Liver damage
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48
Q

Bisphenol A (BPA) is what and used for what

A

Synthetic estrogen

Harden polycarbonate and prevent bacterial growth

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49
Q

Human exposure to BPA is from what?

A

Mainly canned food, food heated in plastic containers

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50
Q

S/s of BPA exposure

A 
Lower semen quality
Abnormal brain development
ADD/ADHD
Type 2 diabetes
Asthma
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51
Q

How to avoid BPA

A

Don’t microwave in plastic containers
Avoid plastics with code #7
Use codes #2 and #5

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52
Q

What is the current source of DDT contamination

A

Atmospheric depositsion

Can take more than 15 years to break down

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53
Q

Human exposure to DDT and S/S?

A 
Imported food
Carcinogen
Liver damage
NS damage
Decreases fertility
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54
Q

What is the second MC pesticide in the US

A

Atrazine

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55
Q

Where is atrazine found

A

Contaminated streams and groundwater

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56
Q

Effects of atrazine

A 
Heart, lung, kidney congestion
HoTN
Muscle spasms
Weight loss
Muscle degeneration
Mammary tumors
57
Q

What what’s diethlstilbestrol used for>

A

Synthetic estrogen given to pregnant women 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage or premature labor

58
Q

Effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

Women: increase breast CA risk

DES daughters: 40x risk of clear cell adenocarcinoma, 2x breast CA, fertility issues

DES sons: testicular abnormalities

59
Q

Phthalates-plasticizers uses

A

PVC flexibility, cosmetics, clothes, toys etc.

60
Q

Effects of plasticizers

A 
Lipophilic
Developmental abnormalities
Infertility/decreased sperm count
Asthma/allergy
Obesity
Some CA
61
Q

What might phthalates be described as on product labels?

A

“Fragrance”

62
Q

How to avoid phthalates

A

“Fragrance”

Avoid #3 recycle code

63
Q

How are parabens absorbed?

A

Through the skin and GI tract and blood

-shampoos, conditioners, lotions etc

64
Q

Effects of parabens

A

Infertility
Asthma/allergies
Obesity
Some cancers (breast)

65
Q

What are parabens labeled as in most products?

A

“Methyl-“
“Ethyl-“
“Propyl-“
“Isopropyl”

66
Q

Potential risks for topical application of essential oils

A

Irritation, allergy, phototoxicity

Long-term use associated with increased risk of allergy

67
Q

What oils should be avoided with children under 8

A 
Peppermint 
Thyme
Camphor
Sage
Lavandula stoechas
68
Q

Cautions with birch oil

A

98% salicylate (aka aspirin)

69
Q

Cautions with cinnamon oil

A

Stomatitis and skin lesions it’s contact

Hallucinogen when smoked

70
Q

Cautions with eucalyptus oil

A

70% Eugenol—CNS represent

71
Q

Cautions with wintergreen oil

A

98% salicylate (aspirin)

72
Q

Earliest regulation of color additives

A

1272 King Edward. Bread with harmful white colorings

73
Q

Food adulteration act of 1860

A

Did nothing but scare consumers

74
Q

What was the first synthetic color additive

A

Mauveine (mauve) derived from benzene from coal tar in 1856

75
Q

Delaney clause of 1960 and de mini is exceptions

A

Does not allow use of any colors, additives or pesticides that were shown to cause cancer

Things that had a lower than 1-1million were considered

76
Q

Red scare of 1970s

A

Thought to be toxic to gonads but not found true in humans

77
Q

Yellow dye myth

A

1990s that yellow #5 in Mountain Dew would shrink testicles

78
Q

Cochinel extract and carmine

A

From crushed female cochineal bugs

Used in popsicles, strawberry milk, cheese, candy yogurt etc.

79
Q

Dye

A

Water soluble color

80
Q

Lakes

A

Dyes that are dispersed in oil emulsions

Used for fat based foods
Ex: red 40 aluminum lake

81
Q

What is the result of human studies and food additives

A

20% of kids with hyperactivity improved when diet of additives was restricted

82
Q

Human studies and tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5)

A

Increased urinary zinc excretion and the more excreted the more behavior changes

Can affect the brain without crossing the barrier

83
Q

1906 pure food and drug act

A

First attempt to protect consumers. Created standards for strength purity and quality

Required labeling if contained dangerous things

84
Q

1938 federal food, drug, and cosmetic act (FD & C)

A

Authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs and create standards and conduct inspections

85
Q

1951 FD&C Durham-Humphrey amendment

A

Defines drugs that could only be purchased if patient had a prescription for them

86
Q

1958 FD &C food additives amendment

A

Approval of new food additives is required and safety must be determined before marketing

87
Q

1962 FD&C Kefauver-Harris amendment

A

Drug manufacturers required label any adverse reactions and contraindications

88
Q

1960 thalidomide

A

Used as sleep aid and to treat morning sickness

Lead to birth defects

89
Q

1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevent and control act

A

Aka: controlled substances act

Regulate dispensing rugs that have potential for abuse

90
Q

Schedule 1 drugs

A

Heroin, LSD, marijuana, molly, meth, peyote

91
Q

Schedule 2 drugs

A

Vicodin, cocaine, Demerol, oxycodone, adderall, Ritalin

92
Q

Schedule 3 drugs

A

Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone

93
Q

Schedule 4 drugs

A

Xanax, Valium, tramadol

94
Q

Schedule five drugs

A

Robitussin, etc

95
Q

1994 dietary supplements health and education act

A

FDA required to take action against unsafe dietary supplement after reaches market

96
Q

1996 food quality protection act

A

Stricter pesticide safety standards

97
Q

FDA

A 
Food labeling
Packaging
Pharmaceuticals
Vaccines
Tobacco
Cosmetics
98
Q

DEA (drug enforcement administration)

A

Controlled substances only
Enforce laws against activity
Changes schedules of drugs

99
Q

USDA

A

Food distribution

School lunch programs

100
Q

EPA

A

Agricultural and industrial chemicals

101
Q

CPSC (consumer products safety commission)

A

Recalls unsafe consumer products

102
Q

OSHA

A

Workplace chemical exposure

103
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the US

A

Tobacco

104
Q

COPD deaths due to smoking

A

80%

105
Q

Trends in tobacco use (who uses)

A

Unemployed
Poor
Uninsured or Medicaid
Less education

106
Q

What is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the US

A

Alcohol

107
Q

Alcohol consumption trends

A

Whites
Educated
Full time employment
(However, heavier use is MC in unemployed)

108
Q

What does chronic alcoholism do to the brain

A

Loss of neuronal tissue

109
Q

What is the most common illicit drug used?

A

Marijuana

110
Q

Who are more likely to abuse illicit drugs

A

Males

111
Q

Who are more likely to abuse prescription drugs

A

M=F

112
Q

What is the most widely abused narcotic

A

Heroin

113
Q

Synesthesia

A

Mixing of the senses

Ex: mescaline and LSD

114
Q

Controlled substances analogue act of 1986

A

Reduce flow of designer drugs

115
Q

Drugs that are increasing in iowa

A

Marijuana
Meth
Heroin

Decrease: alcohol

116
Q

What is the antidote for acetaminophen

A

N-acetylcysteine

117
Q

What is the antidote for benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

118
Q

Antidote for carbamate insecticides

A

Atropine

119
Q

What is the antidote for lead

A

EDTA

120
Q

What is the antidote for opioids

A

Naloxone

121
Q

What is the antidote for organophosphates

A

Atropine and pralidoxime

122
Q

What is the antidote for warfarin and heparin

A

Vitamin K

123
Q

What essential oils are phenols

A

Eugenol, thymol, guiacol

124
Q

What are the effects of phenols

A

Anti fungals and anti inflammatory

125
Q

What are the safety issues with phenols

A

Skin and mucus membrane irritation

Hepatotoxic

126
Q

What are phenols found in

A 
Aniseed
Star
Anise
Cinnamon
Clove
Fennel
Thyme
127
Q

What are the effects of aldehydes

A

Antimicrobial

128
Q

What are the safety issues with aldehydes

A

Skin irritating

129
Q

What are aldehydes found in

A

Lemongrass
Lemon verbena
Cinnamon

130
Q

What are examples of ketones in essential oils

A

Camphor
Jasmone
Octanone

131
Q

What are the effects of ketones

A

Antimicrobial

132
Q

What are the safety issues with ketones

A

Hepatotoxic

Neurotoxin

133
Q

What oils are ketones found in

A

Camphor
Caraway
Sage
Spearmint

134
Q

What are the photo sensations essential oils

A 
Angelica root
Bergamot
Bitter orange
Grapefruit
Lemon
Lime
Mandarin petitigrain
Rue
Tagetes
Verbena

***a lot of fruits

135
Q

Oils with potential toxicity

A 
Artemesia arborescens
Camphor
Ho leaf
Lanyara
Melaleuca bracteata
Sassafras
Savin
Tansy
Tarragon
Thuja
136
Q

Safety information on eucalyptus

A

Contains 70% eugenol
Epigastric burning
Seizures
CNS depression when ingested

137
Q

Melaleuca oil safety information

A 
Aka tee tree oil
Sedation
Confusion
Coma
CNS depressant
138
Q

Safety information on peppermint oil

A

50% methanol
Oral mucosa irritant
CNS depression
Metabolic acidosis

Toxicology (1 decks)

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