Test 1

Question 1

logic

Answer 1

the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze evaluate and construct arguments

Question 2

argument

Answer 2

a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow the premises

Question 3

statement

Answer 3

a sentence that’s either true or false

Question 4

truth value

Answer 4

every statement has a truth value. either true or false

Question 5

proposition

Answer 5

the content/meaning of a statement

Question 6

inferential claim

Answer 6

a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process

Question 7

explanation

Answer 7

uses “because” to provide reasons for how/why an event occurred. an already accepted fact

Question 8

truth analysis

Answer 8

it concerns statements whether is it true or false. determines soundness

Question 9

logical analysis

Answer 9

concerns arguments. the relationship between premise(s) provides the inferential strength of an argument. determines validity

Question 10

deductive argument

Answer 10

necessarily true. if premises are true it’s impossible for the conclusion to be false

Question 11

inductive argument

Answer 11

probably true. improbable that conclusion is false if premises are true.

Question 12

valid deductive argument

Answer 12

when true premises lead to a true conclusion

Question 13

invalid deductive argument

Answer 13

when premises are true and the conclusion is false

Question 14

mondus ponens

Answer 14

if P then Q / P // therefore, Q.
Valid
ex: if today is Wednesday then I have to go to the dentist. today is Wednesday, therefore, I have to go to the dentist.

Question 15

modus tollens

Answer 15

if P then Q / not Q // therefore not P
valid
ex: if today is Wednesday then I have to go to the dentist. I don’t have to go to the dentist today. it must not be Wednesday.

Question 16

disjunctive syllogism

Answer 16

either P or Q / not P // therefore Q
Valid
ex: today is either Tuesday or Wednesday. it’s not Wednesday, therefore, it’s Tuesday

Question 17

affirming the consequent

Answer 17

if P then Q / Q // P
invalid
ex: if Becky is sick, then she drinks a lot of juice. she is drinking a lot of juice, therefore, she is sick.

Question 18

denying the antecedent

Answer 18

if P then Q / not P // therefore not Q
invalid
ex: if it is raining, then the grass is wet. It is not raining. Therefore, the grass is not wet

Question 19

hypothetical syllogism

Answer 19

if A then B / if B then C // if A then C
Valid
ex: f world population continues to grow, then cities will become hopelessly overcrowded. If cities become hopelessly overcrowded, then pollution will become intolerable. Therefore, if the world population continues to grow, then pollution will become intolerable

Question 20

constructive dilemma

Answer 20

if A then B or if C then D / A or C //, therefore, B or D
valid
ex: f we get a cat, then we have to deal with hairballs, and if we get a dog, then we have to deal with shedding. We must choose either a cat or a dog. Therefore, we either have to deal with hairballs or shedding

Question 21

cogent inductive argument

Answer 21

the argument is strong and the premises are true

ex: most classes are interesting, philosophy 120 is a class. philosophy is probably a fun class

Question 22

uncogent inductive argument

Answer 22

the argument is weak and at least 1 premise if false.

ex: It has snowed every day for the last 35 days. So it will probably be sunny today

Question 23

strong inductive argument

Answer 23

true premises make it probable that the conclusion is true

ex: Most cats are friendly. Sophie is a cat. So she’s probably friendly

Question 24

weak inductive argument

Answer 24

true premises make it improbable that the conclusion is true
ex: It rained twice last week. So it will rain everyday this week

Question 25

propositional logic

Answer 25

the logic of sentences, statements, or propositions.

Question 26

logical operators

Answer 26

the symbols

Question 27

simple statements

Answer 27

plain. has no other letter/statement or logical operator

Question 28

compound statement

Answer 28

has at least 1 simple statement and logical operator as components

Question 29

~

Answer 29

tilde. negation. not; it's not the case that

Question 30

.

Answer 30

dot. conjunction. and; also; moreover; but

Question 31

v

Answer 31

wedge. disjunction. or; unless; neither nor

Question 32

⊃

Answer 32

horseshoe. conditional. if...then; only if; given that; implies

Question 33

≡

Answer 33

triple bar. biconditional. if and only if.

Question 34

not both

Answer 34

~A.~B

Question 35

neither nor

Answer 35

~(A.B)

Question 36

necessary condition

Answer 36

the conditions (or features) that a thing must have in order to be that thing. NC’s are best translated as expressing the consequent

Question 37

sufficient condition

Answer 37

conditions that guarantee that something exists or is a certain kind of thing. SC’s are best translated as expressing the antecedent

Question 38

biconditional

Answer 38

a compound statement with two conditionals. both necessary and sufficient (a⊃b).(b⊃a)

Question 39

if...

Answer 39

precedes antecedent

Question 40

only if...

Answer 40

precedes consequent

Question 41

dot (conjunction)

Answer 41

only true when both conjuncts are true

Question 42

wedge (disjunction)

Answer 42

only false when both disjuncts are false

Question 43

horseshoe (conditional)

Answer 43

only false when the antecedent is is true and the consequent is false

Question 44

triple bar (biconditional)

Answer 44

true when both have the same truth value

Question 45

contingent statement

Answer 45

neither necessarily true or false. sometimes true and sometimes false

Question 46

non-contingent statement

Answer 46

the main operator truth values do not depend on the truth values of the component parts. if neither tautology or self-contradiction then it's contingent.

Question 47

tautology

Answer 47

always true

Question 48

self-contradicton

Answer 48

always false

Question 49

logically equivalent statements

Answer 49

two statements that have the exact same truth value on every line

Question 50

contradictory statements

Answer 50

two statements with the exact opposite truth values

Question 51

consistent statements

Answer 51

at least one line where both are true

Question 52

inconsistent

Answer 52

not one line where both are true

Question 53

no name argument form

Answer 53

all A's are B's. / this thing is an A //, therefore, it's a B Valid ex: All Jedi are skilled with lightsabers. Anthony is a Jedi. So, Anthony is skilled with the lightsaber

Question 54

no name argument form #2

Answer 54

all A's are B's / thin is a B // therefore, it's an A invalid ex: All football players are athletes. Russell Wilson is an athlete. So, Russell Wilson is a football player