Test 1

Question 1

What is the principle of subjectivity?

Answer 1

emergence of I, two forms of awareness conscious of myself and conscious of you

Question 2

What is political consciousness?

Answer 2

Self conscious, deliberate, rational search for moral and political order.

Leads to the creation of a new form of politics

principle of subjectivity, leads to estrangement, estrangement leads to political consciousness

Question 3

How and why does the principle of subjectivity lead to estrangement?

Answer 3

When “self” consciousness emerges, estrangement emerges or “alienation”

Sense of belonging is lost

Question 4

What are the two species of political being?

Answer 4

Tribal/We and Individuated/I

Question 5

What is the political significance of consciousness of self?

Answer 5

our first concern is ourselves

it effects how we construct our politics

egoism emerges

consciousness of self leads to concern for individual rights/ conscience

Question 6

What is the political significance of consciousness of others?

Answer 6

our second concern is for those around us

we understand how our actions might effect those around us

Consciousness of others leads to concern for obligations of citizenship/duty

Question 7

What are the characteristics of tribal societies/politics?

Answer 7

Kinship, Instinct, sacred rituals, and taboos

Question 8

What are the characteristics of individuated societies/politics?

Answer 8

Association, secular lifestyle, reason and law governs, literate identity, which is bound in the national culture

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the modern nation? What species of politics does it represent?

Answer 9

People share a common culture, people are conscious of their identity, which is bound in the national culture.
It is tribal.

people
common culture
ethnic, religious, racial, language similarities
consciousness/ identity with that culture

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the modern state? What species of politics does it represent?

Answer 10

It is individuated.
a particular theory is governed by a sovereign government, separating them fromt he rest of the nation

people
territory
government
sovereignty

Question 11

What are the strengths and weaknesses of tribal political societies?

Answer 11

Strengths: a sense of belonging; identity
expresses social nature of human beings, especially familial ties
affords protection and security

Weaknesses: Ethnocerntricism, Outgroup/ingroup mentality can lead to a lack of respect for the individual, genocide can occue when people are killed simply for being member of a particular tribe

Question 12

What are the strengths and weaknesses of individuated political societies?

Answer 12

Strengths: rational, ordered and efficient, individual accountability

Weaknesses: impersonal contact, bureaucracy becomes inefficient, technocratic→must have means to adapt to steadily changing technology

Question 13

What is hubris?

Answer 13

self-righteous pride

Question 14

What is the significance of the setting of The Euminides?

Answer 14

it reveals discontinuity, madness, instability, and takes a critical perspective

Question 15

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Aegisthus

Answer 15

ruled over Mycenae jointly with his father, exiling Atreus’ sons, Agamemnon and Menelaus to Sparta, killed Agamemnon with the help of his wife Clytemnestra

Question 16

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Agamemnon

Answer 16

the son of king Atreus; the husband of Clytemnestra; commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War.

Question 17

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Menelaus

Answer 17

the son of Atreus and Aerope, brother of Agamemnon; husband to Helen of Troy; leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the Trojan War

Question 18

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Helen

Answer 18

wife of Menelaus; her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War

Question 19

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Clytemnestra

Answer 19

the wife of Agamemnon; in Oresteia by Aeschylus, she murdered her husband Agamemnon with Aegisthus

Question 20

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Orestes

Answer 20

he son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon; returned from Troy to meet his death at the hands of Aegisthus, his wife’s lover. On reaching manhood, Orestes avenged his father by killing Aegisthus and Clytemnestra.

Question 21

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Pylades

Answer 21

the son of King Strophius of Phocis and of Anaxibia; friend of Orestes

Question 22

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Iphigenia

Answer 22

daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra

Question 23

Who are the following characters in Aeschylus’ Oresteia? Cassandra

Answer 23

the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy; Apollo gave her the power of prophecy in order to seduce her, but when she refused him, he gave her the curse of never being believed

Question 24

Who are the matriarchal gods in the Oresteia? What is the basis of their power?

Answer 24

the matriarchal gods are the Furies, thinks the bond between mother and child are more important than marriage; Their power lies in the memory of evil

Question 25

What is a theodicy?

Answer 25

an attempt to explain pathos or suffering, especially in the context of divine justice

Question 26

What evidence do we see of the beginnings of civilized behavior in the Oresteia?

Answer 26

Oresteia hesitates, he must accept responsibility for his actions, he wants to be right, and he takes no pride in what he has done.

Question 27

What is pathos? What do we learn from it?

Answer 27

suffering; the elders suffered because they can't help fight in the war and they grieve the absence of their king; Agamemnon's entire fleet was destroyed on his return from Troy; Clytaemnestra because of her daughter and she was left alone with Aga mors

Question 28

What is the nature of the tyranny of Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus?

Answer 28

The chorus is upset with illegitamite rule by Clytaemnestra and use tyranny attics such a hunger and imprisonment to get citizens to obey

Question 29

What is the Areopagus? What is its relevance?

Answer 29

It is the jury

Question 30

How does Athena convince the Furies of their place in the new order?

Answer 30

Human beings must be involved in the reconciliation

Question 31

How does Orestes deal with the issue of responsibility?

Answer 31

At first he refuses to accept responsibility but then slowly does and doesn't take pride in what he did

Question 32

What is the role of reason in the resolution at the conclusion of the Eumenides? What are the components of that reason?

Answer 32

The role of reason in the resolution is to show the beginning of the democratic relationships in society and also to balance the role of fear in the resolution. This is the purpose of where Athena stands. The components of this reason are Persuasion, Tolerance, Proportionality, and Justice

Question 33

What is the role of fear in the resolution at the conclusion of the Eumenides? What are the components of that fear?

Answer 33

Fear Internalized Guilt, Socialization, Household, Conscience, Fear of Punishment.

Question 34

What are the major conclusions or themes that can be drawn from the Oresteia?

Answer 34

Suffering and the Human Condition Guilt, Hubris, Family Optimism Out of savagery can come Harmony Harmony of Psyche, City, Cosmos Victory over Barbarism always Contingent hubris and self-control Intimations of Democracy New Order: Balance Reason and Fear Celebration of Victory of Civilization Rite of Passage Self-Knowledge

Question 35

What is metaphysics? Epistemology? Ontology? Ethics?

Answer 35

Metaphysics asks what is fundamental in reality. Epistemology is the study of knowing. Ontology is the study of being. Ethics is right conduct, the study of moral theory and moral conduct.

Question 36

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs compare to Aristotle’s notion of activity and the good?

Answer 36

Activity: A. Instrumental Activity B. Intrinsic Activity C. Politics as Intrinsic Activity – The Master Science 1. Not for study by the young. 2. Complex and Imprecise Good: A. Self-Sufficient Good B. The Good is Social C. The Good is Attainable

Question 37

What is a language of the good? What is a language of rights? Which is prominent in liberalism?

Answer 37

Aristotle’s Ethics are Virtue Ethics, as opposed to Consequentialist and Deontological ethics. A. Activity of the Soul in Accordance with Virtue B. Spoudaios C. Complete Life D. Happiness – Three Types: Euphoria; Eudaimonia; Contemplation

Question 38

What does Aristotle mean by happiness? By Zoon politikon?

Answer 38

1. Euphoria 2. Eudaimonia 3. Contemplation Zoon Politikon – Polis as Citadel, City-State, Community

Question 39

What are the elements of virtuous action in Aristotle?

Answer 39

``` A. Act of a Certain Kind B. Agent knows what he/she is doing C. Act is chosen D. Act is chosen for its own sake E. Act springs from an unchangeable character ```

Question 40

What is the difference, in Aristotle, between intellectual and moral virtues?

Answer 40

A. Intellectual Virtues are Taught | B. Moral Virtues are Habituated

Question 41

What is the mean in Aristotle?

Answer 41

A. Avoidance of Excess and Deficiency | B. Sophrosyne