Test 1 Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
What do all cells have in common?
A
Cell membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribososomes
2
Q
What is another name for Cell membrane?
A
Plasma membrane, phospholipid membrane, phospholipid bilayer
3
Q
What is cytosol?
A
a thing; in all cells; a semifluid,jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended
4
Q
What do chromosomes do?
A
carry genes in the form of DNA
5
Q
What are ribosomes?
A
tiny complexes that make/synthesize proteins according to the genes ( not an organelle)
6
Q
What are the two types of cells?
A
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
7
Q
What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
A
small, larger to surface to volume ratio, do not have organelles, circular DNA, no introns, transcription and translation occur at the same time and place, DNA in nucleoid
8
Q
What are the two domains in prokaryotic cells?
A
Bacteria, Archaea
9
Q
What are introns?
A
garbage DNA
10
Q
What is Fimbriae?
A
Prokaryotic: (proteins) attach structures on the surface of some cells
Eukaryotic: none in this cell
11
Q
What is bacterias cell wall made of?
A
peptidoglycan
12
Q
What is a cell wall?
A
a rigid structure made of carbohydrates
13
Q
What is glycolax?
A
outer coating consisting of a capsule or a slime layer
14
Q
What do flagella do?
A
Prokaryotic: used in locomotion
Eukaryotic: act to move the cell in water
15
Q
What is flagella?
A
microtuble extensions projecting from the cell found in one or few numbers found on the same side or opposite sides of the cell
16
Q
What are the kingdoms in eukaryotic cells?
A
protista, Animalia, Plantae, fungi
17
Q
Where is DNA constricted to in a Eukaryotic cell?
A
Double membrane bound nucleus
18
Q
What are organelles?
A
a single or double bound membrane structure
19
Q
What is a nucleus and what does it do?
A
contains most genes, generally biggest organelle, enclosed by nuclear envelope, perforated with pores, lined by nuclear lamina, stores chromosomes
20
Q
What is the nuclear envelope?
A
two membranes lined with proteins, perforated with pores
21
Q
What is a pore complex?
A
regulator of proteins, RNAs, large macromolecules entering and exiting nucleus
22
Q
What is a nuclear lamina?
A
a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus (in animal cells it is called intermediate filaments)
23
Q
What are chromosomes?
A
DNA that is organized into discrete units containing one long DNA molecule and associated with many proteins
24
Q
What is chromatin?
A
DNA plus associated proteins
25
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
26
What does the nucleolus do?
functions in ribosome synthesis
27
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Bound and Free ribosomes
28
What do free ribosomes do and where are they located in the cell?
Make proteins that function within the cell and they are located in the cytosol
29
What do bound ribosomes do and where are they located in the cell?
make proteins that are destined for insertion into the membranes and are attached to the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope
30
Are free and Bound ribosomes structurally Identical?
Yes
31
What are proteins?
They are the workhorses and do all the work for the cell.
32
What is DNA?
DNA is the recipe for proteins
33
What is each recipe called?
Genes
34
What is the endomembrane system?
the process of making proteins involving different organelles and structures (ribosomes are technically not organelles)
35
What organelles and structures do the endomembrane system include?
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles,vacuole,lysosomes
36
What are the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum?
accounts for half total membrane, continuous with nuclear envelope, compromised of cisternae, encloses a continuous compartment
37
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
synthesizes proteins on half and synthesizes lipids on the other half
38
What are cisternae?
membranous interconnected tubules and flattened sacs
39
What is the ER Lumen or cisternal space?
encloses a continuous compartment
40
What are the characteristics of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum?
site of protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes,a membrane factory
41
What is the job of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum?
grows membrane for itself and the cell
42
What are the characteristics of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?
not studded with ribosomes
43
What is the job of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesize lipids and new membrane phospholipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and posions, stores calcium
44
What are glycoproteins?
proteins with carbohydrates attached via covalent bonds
45
What are most secretory proteins?
glycoproteins
46
What are the jobs of the golgi apparatus?
modify, store and ship products from the ER
47
What are the characteristics of the golgi apparatus?
consists of cisternae, molecular identification tags to direct products to the regions in the cell
48
What does the cis side of the golgi do?
recieves vesicles containing ER products
49
What does the trans side of the golgi do?
dispatches vesicles to their destination in or outside of the cell
50
What are the characteristics of a lysosome?
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, best in acidic environments
51
What is the job of a lysosome?
to digest macromolecules, amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotes engulf food particles, macrophages, autophagy, tay-sachs disease
52
What is phagocytosis?
the food vacuole fuses with the lysosome, where the enzymes digest the food
53
What is autophagy?
lysosomes recycle the cell's own organic material
54
What is Tay-Sachs disease an example of?
| lysosome storage disease
lysosome storage disease where an enzyme that is supposed to be present in the lysosome is not working the lysosome is unable to digest the material and starts clogging the cell
55
What is a vesicle?
Sacs made of membrane that transfer items inside
56
What is a vacuole?
large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi
57
What are the characteristics of a vacuole?
selective transporting solutes
58
What is a food vacuole and how is it made?
formed by phagocytosis when the cell engulfs food particles
59
What is a contractile vacuole and how is it made?
a vacuole that pumps water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
60
Which cells carry out enzymatic hydrolysis and who shares that function?
plants and fungi in certain vacuoles; lysosomes
61
What do small vacuoles do in plant cells?
hold reserves of important organic compounds, store compounds posionous or unpalatable, contain pigments
62
What do large central vacuoles do in plant cells?
form by smaller vacuoles, helps with repository of inorganic ions, grows plant cell, (largest compartment in the plant cell)
63
What is cell sap and what does it do for the cell?
cell sap is the solution inside the vacuole and it is the main repository for inorganic ions
64
What are the tasks of the endomembrane system?
Synthesis of proteins, transport proteins into membranes, organelles, and out of the cell, metabolism, and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons
65
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do for the cell?
change energy from one form to the next
66
What is endosymbiont theory and what does it state?
that a eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell eventually the two co-existed together
67
What is the evidence for this theory?
chloroplasts and mitochondria have a double membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA, autonomous from the cell
68
What dictates the number of mitochondria found in the cell?
the level of metabolic activity
69
What is special about the two phospholipid membranes of the mitochondria?
they are made of different proteins
70
What are the characteristics of the outer membrane?
it is smooth
71
What are the characteristics of the inner membrane?
convoluted with infoldings called cristae divides the mitochondrion into two internal compartments
72
What is cristae and how does it help the mitochondria?
give the mitochondria membrane a large surface area thus enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration
73
What is the inner membrane space?
the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes
74
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
inclosed by inner membrane, catalyze some of the steps in cellular respiration
75
What is cellular respiration?
process by which the cell turns biological molecules( obtained from food) into ATP(energy)
76
What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?
contain chlorophyll enzymes and other molecules, separated by narrow intermembrane space
77
What is chlorophyll?
green pigment capture energy of sunlight to produce glucose have thylakoids
78
What is glucose used in the plant cell for?
to build itself or put through cellular respiration in the mitochondria to make energy
79
What are thylakoids and what do they do?
membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacs, stacked like poker chips to make granum
80
What is granum?
when the thylakoids are stacked like poker chips
81
What is stroma?
The fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes and many enzymes
82
What are peroxisomes characteristics?
specialized organelle contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substances and transfer them to oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide the uses another enzyme to convert it to water
83
What are peroxisomes job?
break down fatty acids, detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds
84
What is cytoskeleton?
network of proteins that spans the cell composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
85
What is the characteristics of microtubules?
largest fiber by diameter, made of tubulin, form hollow rods, grow by adding dimers can also be disassembled
86
What are the jobs of microtubules?
shape and support the cell, serve as tracks for organelles and motor proteins, involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division form cilia and flagella
87
What is tubulin made of and why is it called a dimmer?
alpha and beta tubulin it is called a dimmer because it is made of alpha and beta tubulin
88
What are the characteristics of cilia?
found in large numbers, extensions projecting from the cells
89
What are the jobs of cilia?
move fluid over the surface of tissue and act as single receiving antenna for the cell
90
What is the characteristics of flagella?
found in one or few numbers projecting from the cell they can extend from one side of the cell or from both sides of the cell
91
What is the job of flagella?
act to move cell in water
92
What is a centrosome, what does it do, and where is it located in the cell?
grow microtubules, often located in a region near the nucleus
93
What is centriole?
make centrosomes composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
94
What are the characteristics of an intermediate filament?
medium fiber by diameter, each subunit protein made from keratin, sturdy, more permanent fixtures
95
What are the jobs of intermediate filaments?
bearing tension, reinforcing cell shape, fixing position of certain organelles
96
What is another name for microfilament?
actin filament
97
What is the characteristics of microfilaments?
smallest fiber, made from actin, twisted double chain of actin subunits, bear tension
98
What is the job of microfilaments?
form structural netoworks when certain proteins bind along the side, support cell shape, role in motility, cytoplasmic streaming
99
What reaction occurs when actin and myosin are put together?
cause contractions of the muscles, amoeboid crawling movement,
100
What is cytoplasmic streaming and what does it do?
circular flow of cytoplasm within the cell, speeds up the movement of organelles and the distribution of materials within the cell
101
What is the cell membrane?
the boundary of the living cell
102
What eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls?
animals and some protist
103
What are plants cell wall made of?
cellulose
104
What is fungi cell wall made of?
chitin
105
What is protists cell wall made of?
Various materials, species depending
106
What is the job of the plant cell wall?
protect plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents the plant from up taking too much water
107
What are primary cell walls?
what a young cell first secretes, thin and flexible
108
What is the Middle lamella.
thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectin
109
What does pectin do?
glues adjacent plant cells togehter
110
What is the secondary cell walls?
made by some plants, between plasma membrane and cell wall, deposited in several laminated layers, strong durable matrix affords cell protection and support
111
What do animals cells lack but have plenty of other of?
lack cell wall and have a lot of extracellular matrix
112
What is ECM made of?
glycoproteins other carbohydrates containing molecules
113
What protein accounts for 40% of the total protein in the body?
collagen
114
What are collagen fibers embedded in?
woven of proteoglycans
115
What is a proteoglycan?
small core protein with many carbohydrate chains
116
What is a way cells are attached to the ECM?
glycoproteins such as fibronectin
117
How do fibronectin bind to the ECM?
bind to the cell using cell surface receptor proteins called integins
118
What are cell junctions?
how cells adhere, interact, communicate via direct contact
119
Where are Plasmodesmata located and what does it do?
in plant cells, channels that connect cells, this unifies the plant, cytosol passing through the plasmodesmata joins the internal environments of adjacent cells
120
What do tight junctions do and what is the cell type often uses them?
connects cells together to form watertight barriers, prevents leakage of extracellular fluid, these press the plasma membranes of neighboring cells together and epithelial cells
121
What do desmosomes do and what type of cytoskeleton helps it?
function like rivets fastening cells like strong sheets intermediate filaments anchor the desmosomes to the cells
122
What are cadherins and what do they do?
cadherins are the rivets these are cell-specific and will not bind without the proper binder
123
What are gap junctions and what are these called in the heart muscle?
are channels from cell to an adjacent cell consist of membrane protein that surrounds pores through ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass these are necessary in the heart muscle, intercalated discs
124
How many cells are in the body how many types of cells are there.
37.2 trillion in the human body and 200 types of cells
125
What are the four main tissues?
Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous
126
What is the study of tissues?
histology
127
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity
128
Where are epithelial tissues found?
coverings, linings, and glands
129
What is the apical surface?
the exposed part of the lining covering lining or gland exposed to the body exterior or cavity of an internal organ
130
What is the basal surface?
the part exposed to the blood
131
What is the basal lamina?
noncellular, sticky sheet made of glycoproteins and collagen proteins
132
How are epithelial cells glued together?
tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
133
What is reticular lamina?
a layer of extracellular matrix containing collagen
134
What is the basement membrane?
the basal lamina and the reticular lamina put together
135
What is the job of the basement membrane?
reinforces the epithelial sheet and helpsit resist stretching and tearing
136
What does it mean that epithelial cells are avascular but innervated?
It means that epithelial cells do not contain blood vessels but are supplied by nerve fibers
137
Why do epithelial cells have a high regeneration rate?
because they are exposed to high amounts of friction, hostile substances, external environments
138
What are the functions of epithelial cells?
to protect, absorb, filtrate, excete, secrete, and sensory reception
139
What are the shapes of epithelial cells?
squamous, cubodial, columnar, and transotional
140
What are the layers of epithelial cells?
simple stratified and pseudostratified
141
What are carcinomas?
cancers originating in epithelium about 90% of cancers
142
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
all connective tissue arise from embryonic tissue mesenchyme, variety of blood supply, have a very high amount of extracellular matrix
143
What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue?
Connective tissue
144
What does the extracellular matrix help the connective tissue do?
to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses
145
What are the kinds of fibers in connective tissue?
Elastic fiber, Collagenous fiber, and Reticular fiber
146
What are elastic fibers?
Long, thin proteins that form branching networks rubber like
147
What do elastic fibers do for connective tissue?
allow tissue to stretch and recoil like rubber bands
148
What is a major protein for elastic fibers?
elastin
149
What protein is collagenous fiber made from?
collagen
150
How are collagenous fibers extremely tough?
the proteins cross-link
151
What are reticular fibers?
short and fine to form delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissues
152
When are reticular fibers in the highest abundance?
when connective tissues are touching another tissue type
153
What is ground substance?
interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) , cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycan
154
What does ground substance do?
fills the space between cells
155
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binds and supports other tissues, protects, insulates, stores reserve fuel, transports substances
156
Where are simple columnar cells found?
stomach, small intestine, large intestine
157
How many classes of connective tissues are there?
four
158
What is another name for stem cells?
immature cell, undifferentiated cell, blast
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What is another name for mature cell?
working cell, differentiated cell, cyte
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Where are only fibroblast cells found?
connective tissue proper
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What do chondroblasts create?
chondrocytes
162
Where are only chondrocytes found?
cartilage
163
What are sarcomas?
cancers arising from connective tissue like bone
164
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and liquid
165
What is the function of connective tissue proper?
functions as binding tissue, resists mechanical stress(particularly tension), provides reservoir for water and salts, can be a nutrient, or fat, storage
166
What is the main cell type of connective tissue proper?
fibroblast
167
What are the subcategories of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective, dense connective
168
What are the subcategories of loose connective
areolar connective, adipose connective, and Reticular connective
169
What is the function of areolar connective?
serves as universal packing material between other tissues
170
What tissue type that mostly rests upon areolar connective?
epithelial tissue
171
What type of loose connective is the most widely distributed?
areolar tissue
172
What is the description of adipose tissue?
similar to areolar tissue in structure and function much
173
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
much higher nutrient ability to areolar tissue, provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
174
Where is adipose tissue located?
under skin, around kidneys, around eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts
175
What are the subcategories of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular , Dense irregular, Elastic connective
176
Where is dense regular located?
tendons(muscle to bone), aponeurons(muscles to muscle or muscle to bone), ligaments(bones to bones at joints)
177
Why does aging cartilage lose its ability to divide?
because the tissue is avascular
178
When does new extracellular matrix stop being produced?
When the person stops growing at the end of adolescence
179
Injured cartilage heals _______?
slowly
180
What does cartilage do later in life?
calcify or ossify
181
What is the main cartilage cell?
chondrocyte
182
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage
183
What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?
Hyaline Cartilage
184
What does hyaline cartilage do?
provides firm support with some pliability
185
What is the location of hyaline cartilage?
covers the ends of long bones, tip of the nose, connects the rips, supports the respiratory system passages, fetal skeleton
186
What is another name for bone?
osseous tissue
187
What is the description of bone?
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, very well vascularized, very rigid
188
What is the job of bone tissue?
support and protect body structures
189
What is the location of bone tissue?
bones spongy and hard
190
What is another name for liquid connective tissue?
blood
191
What is the location of liquid connective?
the fluid within blood vessels
192
What are the main cell types for bone?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
193
What is the function of osteoblasts?
produces the organic portion of the extracellular matrix of bone
194
What are the functions of osteocytes?
mature bone cells that reside within the matrix that has been made
195
Why is blood considered a connective?
because it develops from mesenchyme
196
What is the fluid matrix called?
blood plasma
197
What is the function of liquid connective tissue?
blood transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
198
What are the main cell types of liquid connective tissue?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
199
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
200
What is the function of erythrocytes?
transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
201
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
202
What is the function of leukocytes?
phagocytosis(hypersensitivity and immune response)
203
What are thrombocytes?
platelets
204
What is the function of thrombocytes?
close/clot blood
205
Where are thrombocytes found?
blood vessels and champers of the heart
206
What is another name for muscle cells?
elongated cells, muscle fibers, myocytes
207
What is the function of contractile cells?
shorten and thicken to move organ or part of body
208
What is the function of myoblasts?
progenitor cells
209
What is the function of muscle cells?
movement of the body, moves blood, food waste through body's organs, mechanical digestion
210
What is the function of myocytes?
cell that makes up muscle tissues
211
Where do myocytes come from?
myoblasts
212
What are the subcategories of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac,smooth
213
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissues?
motion, posture, heat production, protection, voluntary movement
214
Where are skeletal muscles usually found?
usually attached to bones
215
Where are the nuclei of skeletal muscle cells?
the nuclei are on periphery
216
What is the sarcolemma?
the cell membrane of the muscle cell
217
What is the sarcoplasm?
the cell cytoplasm
218
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
the smooth ER of a muscle cell
219
What are within muscle cells?
myofibrils
220
What is the function of myofibrils?
proteins that run the length of the muscle cell
221
What are myofibrils made of?
myofilament proteins
222
What are myofilaments responsible for?
muscle contractions
223
What are muscle cells called when they are grouped together?
fascicles
224
Where is cardiac tissue found?
in the heart
225
How are cardiac tissues formed?
cells joined end to end at inercalated discs
226
How many nuclei are usually in a cardiac cell?
one maybe two
227
How do gap junctions assist cardiac cells?
provide route for quick conduction through the heart
228
What is the function of desmosomes with cardiac cells?
strengthen the tissue and hold the fibers
229
What is the function of smooth muscle?
move food through digestive tract, contracts blood vessels, empties bladder, involuntary movement except with biofeedback
230
Were is nervous tissue found in the body?
found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
231
What are the types of nervous cells?
neurons/nerve cells, neuroglial cells
232
What is another name for neurons?
nerve cells
233
What do neurons attach to?
muscles or glands
234
What are the support cells in nervous tissue?
neuroglial cells
235
How do neuroglial cells help neurons?
bind nervous tissue together, supply nutrients to neurons
236
How is it a blood brain barrier?
not in contact with blood vessels
237
What can the plasma membrane be considered?
it can be considered the edge of life
238
What does the plasma membrane separate?
it is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings and controls all inbound and outbound traffic
239
What is another name for plasma membrane?
cell membrane or phospholipid membrane
240
Is the cell membrane the same as a cell wall?
no
241
What are the chrateristics of the plasma membrane?
selectively permeable, fluid, double membrane, Phospholipids
242
What does selectively permeable mean?
the plasma membrane, allows some substances to cross more easily than others
243
What does the ability to discriminate in the plasma membranes chemical exchanges is fundamental to?
life
244
What are the charateristics of the selectively permeable membrane?
nonpolar molecules, ions and polar molecules cannot pass through the layer, water can pass through slowly, charged atoms or molecules are less likely to penetrate the bilayer
245
What are nonpolar molecules?
hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
246
Are nonpolar molecules hydrolytic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic as well as lipids
247
Why can nonpolar molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily?
they can dissolve in the lipid bilayer
248
What does fluid mean?
the plasma membrane is not a concrete wall, but rather is constantly moving
249
What does double membrane mean?
bilayer
250
What is the fluid mosaic model?
the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
