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MMBIO 240 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation

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2
Q

Law of Independent

A

separate genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation

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3
Q

What kind of non-Mendelian genetics results in an intermediate phenotype and a 1:2:1 ratio in the F2 Generation

A

Incomplete Dominance

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4
Q

What is an example of codominance

A

Blood type

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5
Q

How can you un-link linked genes

A

Crossover during meiosis

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6
Q

In Avery and Griffith’s experiment, what was the transforming agent

A

DNA

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7
Q

Sickle-Cell anemia follows what kind of inheritance

A

Mendelian

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8
Q

What disease is caused by a 3 base pair deletion

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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9
Q

What results that Hershey and Chase discovered that supports Avery and Griffiths

A

Sulfur, attached to proteins, was in the super. Phosphate, attached to DNA, was in pellet.

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10
Q

Is it possible for a female to have hemophilia, a recessive X-linked disease

A

Yes, mom would have to be a carrier and dad would have to be a hemophiliac.

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11
Q

DNA possesses what kind of charge

A

Negative

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12
Q

What kind of bonds are involved in secondary structures of proteins

A

H-bonds

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13
Q

What amino acids work well in turns

A

Proline and Glycine

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14
Q

Chaperone proteins helps with

A

Protein folding

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15
Q

If we want to purify a protein with an overall negative charge, what protein purification method would we use?

A

Ion - Exchange chromatography

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16
Q

What interaction usually has lowest binding affinity

A

Enzyme-substrate interatctions

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17
Q

CoFactors

A

Usually inorganic metal ions used to bind with enzyme for proper function

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18
Q

Types of protein modification

A

Methylation and Phosphoralytion

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19
Q

Binding of an effector to one part of an enzyme to allow substrate binding

A

Allosteric interactions

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20
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase opens the DNA complex and copies one strand into RNA.

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21
Q

Translation

A

mRNA associates with small sub-unit of Ribosome. Larger sub-unit comes in and moves tRNA that matches 3 base pairs that code for a specific amino Acid

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22
Q

Recombination Frequency (Genetic Maps)

A

Higher the frequency of recombination, the further apart the genes are on the chromosome.

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23
Q

Hemophilia is a _____ Disease

A

Sex-linked Genes

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24
Q

Huntington’s Disease is a _____ disease

A

Repeated 3 base pair sequence

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25
Sickle cell Anemia is a _____ disease
single base pair mutation | Its Mendelian
26
Cystic Fibrosis is a ______ disease
3 base pair mutation
27
What does Phosphate go with and what does Sulfate go with
P: DNA S: Protein
28
Secondary Structures are held by
Hydrogen bonding in the peptide backbone (Not R Groups)
29
Supersecondary structures
multiple adjacent secondary strucutes such as beta-alpha-beta, beta hairpin, beta barrel, etc.
30
Ion-Exchange resin
using Ionic charges +/- to attach a specific protein for purification
31
Gel-exclusion resin
small openings in beads allow the catching of small proteins
32
Affinity Resin
Beads are covered in a specific ligand that binds to a specific protein catching it so that it doesn't flow through
33
Western Blot
used to identify proteins of interest when you have an antibody against the protein
34
Highest Affinity | Lowest Affinity
Biotin-Avidin | Enzyme-Substrate
35
Lac Repressor function
Interacts with DNA in a specific binding spot. It bends the DNA to 140 degrees stopping transcription
36
Cofactor
inorganic elements that bear a positive charge. Many enzymes need these to function.
37
Coenzyme
Transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups. donate these groups to enzyme for proper function
38
Competitive
Inhibitor fights the substrate for the active site
39
Uncompetitive
Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site when the substrate is bound
40
Mixed
Inhibitor binds at a distinct site from the active site whether or not the substrate is bound
41
Modification of Amino acids
Mostly Phosphorylation
42
DNA termini
5' to 3'
43
Purines
G & A they are double rings
44
Difference between Deoxyribose and Ribose
Deoxyribose has a H on 2' Carbon, Ribose has an OH group on 2' Carbon
45
Difference between Urcail and Thymine
Thymine has a CH3 off of the 5' Carbon, Uracil has a H off of the 5' Carbon
46
High pH ( >8) does what to DNA and RNA
Degrades RNA but only Denatures DNA
47
Methylation
Changing of group on the base pair from a H to a Methyl group
48
Most common form on DNA in cells
B-DNA
49
Strange RNA base pairs
A-A and G-U can produce since it is a single strand
50
Ways to denature DNA
Heat or High pH
51
Southern blot
Finding if Gene is in an organism. Cut DNA (restriction endonuclease) Denature DNA add radioactive probe
52
Northern Blot
Is a certain Gene expressed so for RNA. Don't use High pH or the RNA will be degraded
53
DNA Polymerase
fills single-strand gaps in duplex DNA by stepwise addition to 3'ends
54
Polynucleotide Kinase
Adds a Phosphate to the 5' -OH end of the polynucleotide
55
Terminal transferase
Adds homopolymer tails to the 3' OH end of linear duplex
56
Alkaline phosphate
Removes terminal phosphates from the 5' end, the 3' end, or both
57
polylinker
multiple sites for restriction enzymes so you can pick the RE that works best for DNA of interest (included in expression vectors
58
Keys to a cloning vector
Replication Origin, Genes for antibiotic resistance, Several unique restriction enzyme cut sites, Small size to accommodate DNA inserts
59
Chemical compound used to help Bacteria take up a Vector
CaCl2
60
BAC | YAC
Bacteria artificial chromosome | Yeast artificial chromosome
61
Building a cDNA library
From RNA, use a reverse transcriptase to produce DNA, then using DNA polymerase create a full double stranded DNA that codes specifically for protein only.
62
PCR
Denature DNA Using heat, Anneal the primers to DNA (lower heat), Elongate strand by DNA polymerase, repeat cycle several times
63
Terminal Transferase
Adds sticky ends onto blunt ends. sticky ends are more effective for ligation
64
dTTP terminal transferase | dATP terminal transferase
Adds TTTTTTTT's | Adds AAAAAAA's
65
Expression Vector
used to express a specific stand that makes a specific protein. has a promoter section to turn on and off and polylinker for easy ligation
66
GFP
Green Fluorescent Protein. Used to trace where proteins end up in cell
67
Sanger sequencing
Uses ddNTP to stop synthesis of DNA at certain spots. This allows for mapping of a strands base pairs

MMBIO 240 (2 decks)

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