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Anesthesia > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

4 Phases

A

PA, Induction, Maintenance, Recovery

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2
Q

Why do we use PA drugs?

A

Sedative/tranquilize, pre-emptive analgesia, Prevent bradycardia, decrease amount of gases

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3
Q

When do you give PA’s?

A

15-30 minutes prior to induction

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4
Q

5 PA classifications

A

Anticholinergics, tranquilizers, alpha-2 agonists (sedatives), Opioids (narcotics), Neuroleptanalgesia

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5
Q

Anticholinergic Drugs

A

Atropine, Glycopyrrolate

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System branches

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Epinephrine
(fight or flight) Increases HR, BP, RR
Bronchial dilation, decreases GI motility, Mydriasis, Increases blood glucose

A

Sympathetic NS

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8
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Runs to eyes, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, heart, GI tract

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9
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Acetylcholine

Routine body functions: decrease HR, BP, RR. Bronchial constriction, Increases GI motility, Miosis

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10
Q

Anticholinergics block:

A

Acetylcholine and the vagal nerve

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11
Q

SLURED <3

A 
Decrease salivery
Decrease Lacrimal
Contracts the urinary bladder
Causes bronchodilation
Causes mydriasis
Decreases digestion
Blocks bradycardia
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12
Q

Main reason for using an anticholinergic

A

Prevent Bradycardia, +/- dry secretion

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13
Q

Tx of bradycardia and AV blocks

A

Atropine

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14
Q

Antidote for organophosphate (insecticide) poisoning

A

Atropine

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15
Q

Atropine duration

A

60-90 minutes

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16
Q

Glycopyrrolate duration

A

4 hours

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17
Q

Tranquilizer groups

A

Phenothiazines, Benzodiazepines

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18
Q

Why we use a Tranquilizer as a PA

A

Relaxation and calming

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19
Q

Do Tranq. have analgesia?

A

NO, but can improve analgesic effects

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20
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Acepromazine/Acetylpromazine (Promace®)

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21
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Diazepam (Valium®), Midazolam (Versed®), Zolezapam (in Telazol®)

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22
Q

Acepromazine (Promace®)

A

Water soluble, YELLOW

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23
Q

Ace duration

A

4-8-24hr up to 48hrs in geriatric, neonates or liver dz

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24
Q

Phenothiazines and Cats

A

Less pronounced effect

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25
Effects on Phenothiazines
Calming, Antiemetic, Antiarrhythmic, Antihistamine, Vasodilation, no significant respiratory or cardiac depression, Prolapse of the 3rd eyelid, penile prolapse, MAY lower seizure threshold
26
Main effect for Phenothiazine
Vasodilation
27
Max dose of Acepromazine
3mg (IM, SQ), NO reversal
28
Benzodiazepine Group
Diazapam (Valium®), Midazolam (Versed®), Zolazepam (In Telazol®)
29
Reversal agent for Benzodiazepine tranq.
Flumazenil (a specific antagonist for benzo)
30
Effects of Benzodiazepines
Antianxiety and calming- can have excitment
31
Alpha-2 agonists (Sedatives)
Xylazine (Rompun®), Medetomidine (Demitor®), Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor®)
32
Reversal for Xylazine
Yohimbine
33
Reversal for Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine
Atipamezole
34
Alpha-2 receptors produce
Analgesia, sedation, muscle relaxation
35
Alpha-2 agonists Bind to
alpha-2 adrenoreceptors on sympathetic nerves within brain and spinal cord
36
Effects of Alpha-2 agonists (sedatives)
sleepiness, muscle relaxation, short periods of analgesia, emetic
37
Side effects of Alpha-2 agonists
Brady and arrhythmias, decreased CO, Hypotension, Respiratory depression
38
Biggest side effect for Alpha-2 agonists
Peripheral vasoconstriction
39
Xylazine (Rompun®) Solution
Small animals- 2% Large- 10% Avoid using in old and sick animals
40
Medetomidine dosing
mcg per square meter of body surface
41
Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine reversal
Atipamezole
42
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor®)
Given before alpha-2 sedatives
43
Opioids reversable?
Yes
44
Opioids controlled?
Yes, all
45
Opioids duration
12-24hrs
46
3 types of opioid receptors in brain
Mu, Kappa, Sigma
47
Agonists
Stimulate receptors
48
Pure agonist
Full mu agonist
49
Antagonists
Block receptors
50
Pure agonist opioids
Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, fentanyl | Most effective for tx of severe pain
51
Butorphanol opioid
Mixed agonist/antagonist
52
Buprenorphine
Partial agonist
53
Opioid reversal
Naloxone
54
Opioid Respiratory Effects
Respiratory depression- Most common. 'Using safe dosages, respiratory doesn't have to be a problem'
55
Opioid Thermo effect
Panting in some animals- brain mistakenly thinks animal is hot
56
Dog/Cat opioid effects
Dog- Hypothermia | Cat- Hyperthermia
57
Morphine (Duramorph®)
Pure agonist produces analgesia with sedation Emetic
58
Morphine duration
4hrs in dogs
59
Epidural morphine duration
12-24hrs
60
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid®)
Pure agonist | 5 times more analgesic potency than morphine
61
Hydromorphone duration
4hrs
62
Oxymorphone (Numorphan®)
Pure agonist | 10 times more analgesic than morphine
63
Fentanyl (Sublimaze®)
Pure agonist 100-150 times more analgesic potency Most commonly used as CRI or Transdermal
64
Fentanyl patch duration
takes 4-12hr in cats and 12-24 hrs in dogs to reach therapeutic blood levels -Provides continuous steady analgesia for 3-5 days
65
Butorphanol (Torbugesic®, Torbutrol®)
Mixed agonist/antagonist | Kappa agonist/Mu antagonist
66
Butorphanol duration
1hr in dogs, 4hrs in cats
67
Bupernorphine (Buprenex®)
Partial agonist, Partial Mu agonist | Mild to moderate pain
68
Bupernorphine duration
6-8-12 hrs
69
OTM
Oral transmucosal | Bupernophine cheek pouch in cats
70
Opioid antagonist
Naloxane hydrocholride (Narcan®)
71
Naloxane
blocks all 3 receptors | Also helpful in neonates after C-section, 1 drop under the tongue
72
Elephant opioid
Etorphine (M99®) 3000-8000 times more potent
73
Neuroleptanalgesia
Tranq/Sedative: Ace/Butorphanol Diazepam/Hydromorphone Versed®/Fentanyl

Anesthesia (2 decks)

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