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CPR Cardio > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventricular Septal Defects

A

Left to right shunting of blood in ventricles. More blood is pumped to the lungs. R. ventricle hypertrophy develops if untreated. Increase in R side pressure over L side. Cyanosis visible.

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2
Q

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

A

Failure of conotruncal ridge formation and fusion causing VSD. Mild cyanosis.

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3
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A 
PROV
1. Pulmonary stenosis
2. R. ventricular hypertrophy
3. Overriding aorta
4. VSD
Most common defect at birth
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4
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

No spiraling of the conotruncal ridges leading to improper connection. Aorta is connected to R ventricle and Pulmonary A is connected to L ventricle. Linked to maternal diabetes

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5
Q

Pulmonary Valvular atresia

A

Fusion of the pulmonary valve. Hypoplastic R ventricle and hypertrophy L ventricle. ASD and patent ductus arteriosis allows for any O2 exchange.

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6
Q

Aortic Valvular Stenosis

A

1-2% incidence with prevalence in 4:1 male to female ratio. Hypertrophy of L ventricle

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7
Q

Aortic Valvular Atresia

A

No outlet for L ventricle. Potentially large patent ductus arteriosis with L to R atrial shunting via ASD.

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8
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

A

2 leaflets instead of 3 within the aorta. Can be asymptomatic but can develop L ventricle hypertrophy. Aortic aneurysms associated with disease.

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9
Q

Tricuspid Atresia

A

Hypoplastic R ventricle. Patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosis allows for exchange. Sometimes VSD present

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10
Q

Hypoplastic Left Ventricle

A

LV is underdeveloped. Mitral valve is not formed/very small. Ascending aorta is underdeveloped. Patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosis allows for exchange. Heart works as a univentricular heart with RV doing all the work.

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11
Q

Extraembryonic Vasculogenesis and early hematopoiesis timeline

A

Day 17: Begins in yolk sac. Hemangioblasts differentiate and form hematopoietic progenitor and endothelial precursor cells.
Day 18: Intraembryonic vasculogenesis
Day 23: Early hematopoietic cells populate the developing liver
Day 27: Hematopoietic stem cells are programmed from hemogenic endothelial cells in the AGM region of the dorsal aorta.
Day 30: Programmed cells seed liver.
Day 40: Cells disappear from AGM region.

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12
Q

Angiomas

A

Abnormal blood vessel and lymphatic capillary growth via vasculogenesis.

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13
Q

Hemangioma

A

excessive formation of capillaries (capillary hemangioma) or venous sinuses (cavernous hemangioma). In infancy they are benign and usually resolve themselves naturally

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14
Q

Ventricular inversion

A

reverse cardiac looping. VSD usually present, right-sided L ventricle

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15
Q

Heterotaxia

A

Symmetry anomaly. Situs inversus (total reversal of organs) or situs ambiguous (some organ reversal)

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16
Q

Coronary sinus develops from…

A

the L sinus horn

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17
Q

The superior vena cava develops from…

A

the R common cardinal vein

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18
Q

The inferior vena cava develops from…

A

the R vitelline vein

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19
Q

SA node develops from…

A

Part of the R sinus horn and R common cardinal V

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20
Q

AV node develops from…

A

L sinus horn

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21
Q

Tricuspid/Bicuspid valves and the AV septum develop from…

A

Endocardial cushion tissue

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22
Q

Truncus Arteriosis

A

Divides the aorta and pulmonary artery. Derived cells include neural crest cells and endocardial cushion tissue

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23
Q

Atrial septal defects

A

2:1 prevalence in females to males. Most ASDs result in an initial L to R atrial shunting leading to pulmonary damage, increase in pulmonary resistance and R ventricle hypertrophy causing R to L shunting, cyanosis and congestive heart failure.

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24
Q

Heart sounds: 4 is…
1 is…
2 is…
3 is…

A

4 - Atrial topping off ventricle (end of atrial systole)
1 - AV valves closing and blood hitting closed valves during isovolumetric contraction of ventricles.
2 - Aortic and pulmonary valves closing
3 - Rapid filling of ventricles

25
Q

QRS wave corresponds with what on an EKG

A

Closing of the mitral valve before ventricular contraction

26
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic murmur

A

Systolic: Mitral regurgitation and aorta/pulmonary A. stenosis
Diastolic: aorta/pulmonary A. regurgitation and mitral/tricuspid stenosis

27
Q

Chronotropic

A

Changes in heart rate.

Positive effect increases heart rate and negative effect slows.

28
Q

Inotropic and Lusitropic

A

Strength of muscular contraction and rate of muscle relaxation.

29
Q

Dromotropic

A

Speed of conductance.

30
Q

Parasympathetic Stim.

A

Vagus nerve using ACh neurotransmitter and M2/M3 muscarinic receptors. Generally slows heart rate (neg. chronotropic and dromotropic effects). ATRIAL ONLY

31
Q

Sympathetic Stim.

A

Norepi. neurotransmitter and Beta1-adrenergic receptors. Generally speeds up heart rate (pos. chronotropic, dromotropic and inotropic/lusitropic effects).

32
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

approximately 5L/min

33
Q

Preload

A

Wall tension in L ventricle just before contraction is initiated.

34
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure required to open aortic valve

35
Q

Stroke volume

A

End diastolic vol. – End systolic vol.

approximately 70ml

36
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Stroke volume/End diastolic vol.

approximately 55%

37
Q

Persistent AV Canal

A

Linked to Down’s syndrome. Failure of AV septum fusion.

38
Q

Sympathetic effect on juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Increases blood volume. Beta 1 receptor increases renin releases causing release of angiotensin -> angiotensin 2 -> aldosterone -> reabsorption of Na+ and release of ADH increasing H2O absorption

39
Q

The sinus venarum and pulmonary v’s develop from

A

The right horn of the sinus venosis

40
Q

Di George syndrome (22q11) is linked to

A

Tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosis

41
Q

Down’s Syndrome is linked to

A

ASDs, VSDs and arrhythmias

42
Q

Transposition of the great vessels is linked to

A

maternal diabetes

43
Q

Coarctation of the aorta is linked to

A

Turner’s Syndrome, monosomy (X )

44
Q

Aortic atresia is linked to

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

45
Q

What is Ectopia cordis

A

the heart is located abnormally outside the thoracic cavity commonly caused by failure of fusion of the lateral folds in forming the thoracic wall.

46
Q

Congenital heart defects are common problems caused by

A

teratogens, rubella virus or single-gene factors/chromosomal abnormalities

47
Q

The aortic arch develops from

A

the 4th aortic arch on the L side. It develops into the brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian A’s on the R.

48
Q

What structure is the ductus arteriosus derived from?

A

6th aortic arch?

49
Q

PDA symptoms

A

Enlarged pulmonary A’s, murmur during auscultation with normal heart valves, increased atrial pressure.

50
Q

What nerve is solely responsible for the pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve

51
Q

What nerve radiates pain to the arm during an MI?

A

Intercostobrachial

52
Q

The proximal ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk develop from the

A

Truncus arteriosus

53
Q

Tge ascending aorta and R brachiocephalic trunk are derived from the

A

aortic sac

54
Q

The L and R common carotid and internal carotid A’s come from

A

the 3rd arch

55
Q

Arch 4 becomes

A

on the R -> right subclavian A and the L -> aortic arch

56
Q

arch 6 becomes

A

the R -> R pulmonary artery and L -> L pulmonary A and ductus arteriosus

57
Q 
Beck's Triad:
1. Distant heart sounds
2. Jugular distention
3. Hypotension (Low BP)
(+/- signs of shock)
A

Cardiac Tamponade

58
Q

Kerley B lines are indicative of

A

Pulmonary edema or lymphoma.

Kerley A lines suggest distention of lymphatic anastomoses

CPR Cardio (3 decks)

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