Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Accommodation
A
The ability of the lens of the eye to change focus from distant near objects
2
Q
Actinic keratosis
A
A rough scaly patch on the skin that develops as a result of an exposure to the sun
3
Q
Adaptive immune system
A
The thymus, spleen ,tonsils ,bone marrow ,circulatory system and lymphatic system
4
Q
Agency
A
The capacity for human beings to make choices
5
Q
Age related macular degeneration
A
A chronic eye disease that causes vision loss in the center of an individual’s field division. there are two types wet and dry
6
Q
Analogue heading aid
A
Sound is processed as an electrical signal by a microphone they are expensive
7
Q
Androgenetic alopecia
A
A common type of hair loss in men with a typical pattern of a receding hairline and hair thinning on the crown of the head
8
Q
Anosmia
A
Loss of the sense of smell
9
Q
Arteriosclerosis
A
Thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries
10
Q
Baby boomers
A
1946-1965
11
Q
Basal cell carcinoma
A
What type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells that are thought to be caused by long-term exposure to UV rays they are the least dangerous skin cancer
12
Q
Caloric restriction
A
A strategy to increase longevity by reducing calories without malnutrition
13
Q
Carotenoids
A
Plant pigments responsible for bright red yellow and orange shoes in many fruits and vegetables they are thought to provide health benefits by decreasing the risk of disease particularly certain cancers an eye disease
14
Q
Cataract
A
Clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye
15
Q
Cellular theories of aging
A
There is a propose that human aging is a result of cellular aging we’re by an increasing proportion of Cells reach senescence (divide till they die)
16
Q
Collagen
A
A protein that provide strength and electricity to the skin bones Cartlidge and connective tissue
17
Q
Conductive hearing loss
A
Hearing loss that occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the inner ear drum and the tiny bones in the middle ear
18
Q
Congenital
A
Existing at or dating from birth
19
Q
Coronary artery disease
A
When the major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood oxygen and nutrients are inflamed
20
Q
Cutaneous aging
A
Aging of the skin
21
Q
Dark adaption
A
The ability of the people to adjust to changes in the amount of available eight through reflex people dilation and activation of rod cells in preference to the Cone
22
Q
Dermis
A
The inner layer of the skin that was below the epidermis
23
Q
Determinism
A
Presuming all events are completely determined by previously existing causes
24
Q
Epidermis
A
The outer layer of the skin
25
Error theories of aging
Theories that aging is due to environmental insults that result in progressive damage to living organisms the wear and tear theory and free radical theory are two examples
26
Extrinsic aging
Aging due to external factors such as exercise diet exposure to sunlight and smoking
27
Free radical theory of aging
Siri that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time
28
Glaucoma
A group of I conditions that damage to the optic nerve. This damage often is the result of an abnormally high pressure in the eye
29
Hayflick limit theory
Siri that the human cell is limited in the number of times I can divide which is about 50 times and then they stop dividing and die
30
Hormone replacement therapy
Therapy that involves treating symptoms of menopause with estrogen and progesterone
31
Hypertension
High blood pressure greater than 140 MMHG
32
Hypodermis
Lies between the dermis and the underlying tissues and organs
33
Immunological memory
The ability of the moon system to respond more rapidly and effectively to a pathogen that has been countered previously
34
Innate immune system
The immune system that is present at birth and includes her skin the cough reflects mucous membranes and stomach acid
35
Insomnia
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in getting to sleep or in staying asleep
36
Insulin
A hormone that is important for metabolism and utilization of energy from then just the nutrients especially glucose
37
Intraocular pressure
Fluid pressure in the eye
38
Intrinsic aging
A form of aging that takes place over the years and occurs irrespective of extrinsic factors
39
Larynx
Voice box
40
Melanin
Natural substance produced by hair follicles that gives color to hair skin and eyes
41
Melanoma
The most serious type of skin cancer it develops in the skin that produces melanin exposure to UV radiation from sunlight or from tanning lights are bad increases the risk of developing melanoma
42
Normosmic
A normal sense of smell
43
Nosocomial infections
Hospital acquired infection
44
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Drugs used in the treatment of diabetes
45
Osteoarthritis
A disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue
46
Peripheral vascular diseases
Diseases of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain
47
Pessaries
A plastic device inserted into the vagina that may help prevent urine leakage by supporting the neck of the bladder
48
Presbycusis
An age related hearing loss characterized by a gradual and progressive inability to hear particularly high frequency sounds
49
Presbyopia
The gradual loss of the ability to focus actively a nearby objects
50
Presbyphonia
Changes associated with the Aging voice
51
Prevalence
A statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time
52
Primary aging
The gradual and inevitable process of bodily deterioration that takes place real life
53
Programmed theories of aging
There is an aging is genetically programmed to occur with time and this process of deterioration eventually leads to death
54
Proprioception
Ability to sense the stimuli arising within the body regarding position motion and equilibrium
55
Retinoids
Vitamin a that minimizes the appearance of wrinkles. Makes the skin thicker, elasticity if skin thick’s, slows the breakdown of collagen
56
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic inflammatory disorder that typically affects the small joints in the hands and feet
57
Secondary aging
Aging that results from diseases in poor health practices
58
Sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss that occurs from damage to the inner ear and cochlea
59
Squamous cell carcinoma
A common form of skin cancer that develops in the thin squamous cells and can become life-threatening
60
Stroke
A medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduce depriving the brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients
61
Taste buds
Sensory organs that are found on the tongue and allow us to experience taste better sweet salty sour bitter and umami
62
Valvular heart disease
What type of heart disease that occurs when one or more of the four valves of the heart do not work correctly
63
Wear and tear theory
A theory that argues that the effects of aging are caused by damage done to thousand body systems overtime
64
Ageism
Form of discrimination against older adults based on age alone
65
Biological age
Scription of a persons development based on the aging of various physical systems
66
Centenarian
An individual who lives to be 100 to 110 years old
67
Chronological
A number of years a person has lived
68
Established immigrants
An individual who has been a permanent resident of Canada for more than 10 years
69
Family class immigrants
Immigrants who are sponsored by their families to come to Canada
70
For fertility replacement level
The average number of children born poor woman out which population exactly replaces it self from one generation to the next it is roughly 2.1 children
71
Filial piety
A virtue have respect for one’s parents elders in ancestors
72
First age
Youth the 20s
73
Fourth age
75+
74
Functional age
A measure of how well an individual can function in his or her environment
75
G8 countries
industrial nations such as Canada France Germany Italy Japan and the UK and the United States and Russia
76
Gerontology
The scientific study of aging
77
Negative self stereotyping
When an older adult believes the negative stereotypes associated with aging and integrates these concepts into his or her self concept
78
Non-normative influences
Random unexpected events that are unique to an individual
79
Normative age graded influences
Normal age related changes that most people experience such as puberty and menopause
80
Normative history graded influenced
Influences that experience by most people in a specific area or culture at the same time
81
Primary aging
Normal disease-free development
82
Psychological age
And attempt to understand development by having individual thinks reasons and acts independent of chronological age
83
Recent immigrants
Individuals who have been a permanent resident of Canada for less than 10 years
84
Second age
20s to 40s
85
Secondary aging
The physical or cognitive changes that are related to lifestyle disease or injury and are not part of the normal aging process
86
Social age
Measure of how well a person’s behavior fits with the norms or expectations that society has for a person of a particular age
87
Stereotyped threat
Fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype of the group you belong to
88
Terror management theory
A theory that proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live but realizing that death is inevitable this conflict produces terror and is believed to be unique to human beings it explains why people engage in certain behaviors to reduce this conflict
89
Tertiary aging
The rapid decrease in cognitive and functionality and ability in the years prior to death
90
Third age
50 to 75
91
Attrition
Occurs in research participants who have been recruited for a study that drop out
92
Coercion
Threat of harm or punishment for failure to participate in research
93
Cohorts
Groups of individuals within a given population who experience the same event within that time
94
Cohort-sequential design
I research design consisting of two or more cross-sectional study is done at two different time periods
95
Cross sectional design
Our research design or individuals of different ages are compared at a single point in time
96
Cross-sequential designs
I research design that combines a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design
97
External validity
Extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other people
98
Internal validity
Effects observed in the research study are you due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not due to extraneous or confounding variable’s
99
Proxy
A person who authorized to act on behalf of someone else
100
Sequential design
A type of research design that involves a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional design and that follow several cohorts of different ages overtime
101
Time of measurement effects
Difference is due to cultural historical environmental or other events at the time that the data was collected
102
Time sequential design
I research design that compares two or more cross-sectional samples at two or more times of measurement
103
Undue influence
Can occur my participants are recruited to participate in research by those who have some form of control over them
104
Attention
The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things
105
Bilateralization
A term that refers to evidence that an older brains activations for cognitive tasks spread out to both hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex we are in the young activations are typically confined to a single hemisphere
106
Cogntive capacity
The total cognitive resources available at any given time
107
Central executive
A part of the working memory model that controls and coordinates the three other components of working memory
108
Circumlocutions
A roundabout or indirect way of speaking do use of more words than necessary to express an idea
109
Classic aging pattern
The developmental trend in which crystallized intelligence increases with age for fluid intelligence declines with age
110
Cognitive domains
Attention memory perception language problem solving and creativity
111
Cognitive epidemiology
I feel the research that investigates the relationship between intelligence and health
112
Cognitive reserve
The idea that certain factors help to maintain cognitive functioning in the risk of accumulating brain pathology
113
Commission errors
Errors that result from doing something wrong
114
Compensation
An older adults activations for cognitive task spread out to both hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex where is in the Young they’re typically confined to a single hemisphere
115
Computerized tomography
A Nuro imaging technique that creates detailed images of internal organs bone soft tissue and blood vessels
116
Compensation related utilization of neural circuit hypothesis (crunch)
I’m not all that explains that other brands will work harder to search for available resources to use in particular cognitive tasks
117
Crystallized intelligence
And individuals accumulated skills knowledge and life experiences
118
Diffusion tensor imaging
A neuro imaging technique that uses the diffusion of water molecules to determine the health of the white matter in the brain
119
Echoic memory
A component of sensory memory that is specific to retaining auditory information
120
Elaborating rehearsal
Linking new information to information that is already in long-term memory to assist in retention of that information
121
Encoding
The initial process of getting information into the memory system for storage and later retrieval
122
Episodic buffer
A part of the working memory model that holds information from the phonological loop in the visual spatial sketchpad, as well as information from long term memory
123
Executive functions
Instead of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior
124
Fluid intelligence
IntIntellectual abilities needed for problem-solving a novel situations
125
Forgetting curve
A rapid loss of information after it is learned and the role of rehearsal in retaining information
126
Functional magnetic resonance
I know imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changed associated with blood flow
127
Functional neuroimaging
I know imaging technique that provides information about brain activity rather than brain structure
128
General wisdom
The body of ideas or explanations generally excepted as true by the public or by experts in the field
129
Global cell
Cells in the brain that provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system’s
130
Grey matter
serves to process information in the brain’s database processes signals generated in the sensory organs or other areas of the grey matter
131
Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction (HAROLD)
A theory that claims that the higher level of bilateral activations in the prefrontal cortex of aging brain demonstrate a compensatory strategy for numerous cognitive tasks
132
Iconic memory
Memory for visual information that fades very rapidly
133
Information processing model
The three main storage compartments that hold information at different points during the processing of information which are sensory short term and long term memory
134
Intelligence quotient
A single score derived from a set of standardized test developed measure cognitive abilities in relation to one’s age group
135
Left branching sentences
Sentence in which subordinate elements of the sentence appear before the main meaning of the sentence
136
Myelin
An insulating layer that forms around nerves including those in the brain and spinal cord is made up of protein and fatty substance is an allowed electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively along the nerve cells
137
Near infrared spectroscopic imaging
A Nuro imaging technique that allows functional imaging of brain activity through monitoring of blood oxygenation and blood volume in the prefrontal cortex
138
Omission errors
Failure to identify the target letter in a distracted task
139
Over accommodation
Relying on negative stereotypes of older adults to guide communication
140
Personal wisdom
Knowledge that is gained through experience
141
Phonological loop
A part of the working memory model that stores and rehearse his speech-based information and deals with spoken and written material
142
PET SCAN
Neural imaging technique that uses small amount of radioactive materials to evaluate organ and tissue functions
143
Premorbid functioning
How a person was functioning before the onset of physical or emotional illness
144
Primary memory
Memory used to define memory that is retained for only a very short period of time there’s been used to refer to a short term memory
145
Psychometric approach
The branch of psychology that deals with the design administration and interpretation of quantitative test for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence aptitude and personality test
146
Rehearsal
The process of continuously repeating to be remembered information
147
Response time
The time that passes between the introduction of a stimulus and the reaction by the individual to that stimulus
148
Retrieval
Ability to get information out of the memory system when needed
149
Scaffolding theory of cognitive aging
Performance on various tasks of cognition is maintained due to the continuous engagement of compensatory scaffolding by the brain
150
Secondary memory
The vast body of knowledge stored over a lifetime
151
Semantic memory
The part of long-term memory that is responsible for storing information about the world
152
Signal intensity
A measure of areas of abnormal tissue in the brain and the brain is injured a scar will form over the injury and during a Scan the scar will give us a high signal that differentiates it from the normal
153
Single photo emission computing tomography
Nuclear neuroimaging technique that uses gamma rays
154
Storage
Ability to retain information in the memory system over time
155
Structural neuroimaging
A Nuro imaging technique that provides she told images of the brains anatomical structure at certain points of time
156
Tactile memory
Memory that is collected through feeling or touching something it is also known as haptic memory
157
Terminal drop
A rapid decline in cognitive functioning just prior to death
158
Tip of the tongue phenomena
The expertise of being unable to produce a name or a word despite the experience of feeling confident of ones knowledge of the name or word
159
Under accommodation
Failure to consider how normal age related changes affect speaking and listening
160
Visuospatial sketchpad
A part of the working memory model the stores in manipulates visual and spatial information
161
White matter
Composed of bundles of axons I connect various Grey Matter areas of the brain to each other and Carry nerve impulses between neurons
162
Working memory model
Components that play important part in the temporary storage of information
