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Geology 105 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

age of the Earth

A

4.6 billion years

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2
Q

what are the three units for Geologic time from largest to smallest?

A

era > period > epoch

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3
Q

four subsystems of the Earth system

A

lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere

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4
Q

lithosphere

A

the rigid, outer part of the Earth; crust + rigid mantle

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5
Q

atmosphere

A

the gases/air surrounding the Earth

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6
Q

hydrosphere

A

all water (surface, ground, clouds, etc.)

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7
Q

biosphere

A

all living organisms

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8
Q

objectives of Environmental Geology as an applied science

A
  1. better understand environmental problems
  2. geologic knowledge for problem solving
  3. minimize environmental degradation
  4. optimize the use of resources to maximize environmental benefits for society
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9
Q

different means of measuring sustainability

A

economically viable, environmentally safe, socially just

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10
Q

what kind of system is the earth and why?

A

dynamic; neither open nor closed, internal (core) and external (sun) heat sources, four subsystems (lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere)

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11
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the present is the key to the past and the future

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12
Q

Gaia hypothesis

A

Earth is a metamorphic superorganism

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13
Q

knowledge

A

what is known, a basis for decision-making

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14
Q

imagination

A

no limits, leads to out-of-the-box thinking of the unknown

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15
Q

theory

A

hypothesis that holds true over time

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16
Q

hypothesis

A

intelligent guess

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17
Q

why is human population an environmental problem?

A

Earth’s carrying capacity is limited, use up resources faster than they can renew, uneven growth and uneven global distribution

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18
Q

where is the Moho discontinuity?

A

between the crust and rigid mantle

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19
Q

what makes up the lithosphere?

A

crust + rigid mantle

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20
Q

what makes up the mantle?

A

rigid mantle, asthenosphere, mesosphere

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21
Q

internal layers of the Earth

A

crust, rigid mantle, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

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22
Q

P waves

A

primary, push-pull, or compressive wave

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23
Q

P waves travel like ? waves

A

sound

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24
Q

P waves have the (slowest/fastest) rate of propagation, so they are the (last/first) to arrive to the seismograph

A

fastest, first

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25
Q

in P waves, the direction of rock particle vibration is (parallel/perpendicular) to that of wave propagation

A

parallel

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26
Q

P waves travel through ? media

A

all

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27
Q

S waves

A

secondary or shear waves

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28
Q

in S waves, the direction of particle vibration is (parallel/perpendicular) to that of propagation

A

perpendicular

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29
Q

S waves propagate (slower/faster) than P waves

A

slower

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30
Q

S waves travel through ? media

A

only solid (absorbed in liquid)

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31
Q

the ? is a low velocity zone and major source of Earth volcanism

A

asthenosphere

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32
Q

S waves cannot move through what internal section of the Earth?

A

the outer core b/c it’s liquid

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33
Q

in liquid, P waves

A

refract and slow down

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34
Q

three types of plate boundaries

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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35
Q

3 types of convergent plate boundaries

A

continental-continental (C-C)
continental-oceanic (C-O)
oceanic-oceanic (O-O)

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36
Q

divergent plate boundary

A

moving away

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37
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

moving toward

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38
Q

transform plate boundary

A

sliding past each other

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39
Q

example of C-C convergent boundary

A

Himalayan Mountains

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40
Q

example of C-O convergent boundary

A

Japan

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41
Q

example of O-O convergent boundary

A

Aleutian Islands

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42
Q

example of divergent boundary

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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43
Q

example of transform boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

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44
Q

significance of tectonic cycle (Wilson Cycle)

A

plate boundaries can change

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45
Q

the asthenosphere is a

A

weak, flowing solid

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46
Q

evidences of continental drift

A

same fossils across both sides of the Atlantic, rock distribution and Paleozoic glaciations (glacial deposits near equator)

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47
Q

evidences of seafloor spreading

A

age of seafloor rocks is progressively younger toward the mid-oceanic ridge, seafloor sediments are progressively thinner toward the ridge, polarity goes back and forth between normal and reverse (Paleo magnetism)

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48
Q

seen at divergent plate boundaries

A

mid-oceanic ridges, continental rift valleys, new seafloors, extensional stress & shallow earthquakes

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49
Q

seen at C-C convergent plate boundaries

A

major young mountain belts and shallow earthquakes

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50
Q

seen at C-O convergent plate boundaries

A

major volcanic mountain belts, subduction zone and oceanic trench, earthquakes

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51
Q

seen at O-O convergent plate boundaries

A

subduction zone, deep oceanic trench, volcanic island arc, wide earthquake zones

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52
Q

at a convergent plate boundary, the (lighter/denser) and (younger/older) plate subducts

A

denser & older

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53
Q

seen at transform plate boundaries

A

spreading zone with a series of rifts

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54
Q

hot spot

A

static volcanic source under moving lithosphere

55
Q

what ensures our mountain peaks remain at about the same height

A

isostasy

56
Q

four types of chemical bonding from strongest to weakest

A

ionic > covalent > metallic > van der waals

57
Q

ionic bonding

A

attraction between + and - charged ions, soluble minerals, chemically active and mobile

58
Q

example of ionic bonding

A

halite (salt), NaCl

59
Q

covalent bonding

A

atoms share electrons, durable minerals

60
Q

example of covalent bonding

A

diamond, quartz (SiO2)

61
Q

metallic bonding

A

electrons are shared by all atoms and can flow, metallic minerals, results in malleability and ability to conduct electric current

62
Q

van der waals bonding

A

weak attraction between chains or sheets of ions

63
Q

example of van der waals bonding

A

graphite

64
Q

five criteria for a material to be a mineral

A
  1. made of an element or chemical compound
  2. definitive chemical composition
  3. orderly, regular repeating internal atomic arrangement, crystalline structure
  4. made of inorganic solids (never living)
  5. formed by geologic processes (cannot be made in a lab)
65
Q

physical properties to identify a mineral

A

color and streak, luster (how reflects light), crystal form, cleavage (how breaks), hardness (Moh scale 1-10), special properties such as taste, smell, feel, tenacity, reaction to acid, magnetism

66
Q

silicates

A

contain Si-O tetrahedron fundamental building unit, including the two most abundant elements in the Earth crust

67
Q

what is the most abundant mineral group?

A

silicates

68
Q

example of silicate

A

asbestos, quartz

69
Q

carbonates

A

contain the carbonate ion

70
Q

oxides

A

contain oxygen atoms bonded to an atom of another element

71
Q

sulfides

A

contain sulfur atoms bonded to one or more metallic elements

72
Q

native elements

A

made of single element

73
Q

example of native elements

A

gold, silver, copper, mercury

74
Q

example of carbonates

A

calcite

75
Q

three fundamental rock laws

A
  1. crosscutting
  2. original horizontality
  3. superposition
76
Q

the law of crosscutting relationships

A

rock is younger than the ones that it cuts

77
Q

the law of original horizontality

A

sedimentary rock layers nearly horizontal under normal conditions

78
Q

the law of superposition

A

rocks become progressively younger towards the top in an undisturbed and undeformed rock sequence

79
Q

igneous rocks

A

cooled, crystallized/solidified from magma

80
Q

below the surface =

A

magma

81
Q

above the surface =

A

lava

82
Q

magma comes from the ?

A

asthenosphere

83
Q

intrusive igneous rocks

A

crystallized/solidified beneath Earth’s surface

84
Q

extrusive igneous rocks

A

crystallized/solidified at or near Earth’s surface

85
Q

dike

A

vertical intrustion

86
Q

sill

A

horizontal intrustion

87
Q

in intrusive igneous rocks, individual mineral grains (can/cannot) be seen with naked eyes

A

can

88
Q

inclusions

A

pieces of surrounding rock incorporated into crystallizing magma

89
Q

batholiths

A

largest masses of igneous rock

90
Q

extrusive igneous rocks form from

A

lava or pyroclastic debris

91
Q

extrusive igneous rocks are ?-grained because ?

A

fine, rapidly cooled

92
Q

the rates of cooling are (slower/faster) beneath the surface

A

slower

93
Q

the slower the magma cools, the ? the mineral particles in igneous rocks

A

coarser

94
Q

phaneritic (intrustive igneous)

A

large, coarse crystals

95
Q

porphyritic phaneritic (intrusive igneous)

A

phaneritic that contain previously formed phenocrysts

96
Q

aphanitic (extrustive igneous)

A

crystals are small or no crystal

97
Q

felsic/granitic igneous rocks

A

silica rich, typically related to continental crust

98
Q

example of felsic igneous rock

A

granite

99
Q

intermediate/andesitic igneous rock

A

commonly associated with convergent boundaries along the rim of the Pacific

100
Q

example of intermediate igneous rock

A

andesite

101
Q

mafic/basaltic igneous rock

A

silica poor, usually related to the oceanic crust

102
Q

example of mafic igneous rock

A

basalt

103
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

formed at the surface environment conditions, about 75% of all rocks exposed at the surface

104
Q

clastic sedimentary rocks

A

compacted and cemented from detrital sediments through transportation, deposition, compaction, and cementation

105
Q

fossil-fuel bearing rocks are

A

clastic sedimentary rocks

106
Q

the most abundant clastic sedimentary rock

A

shale

107
Q

common clastic sedimentary rocks from largest to smallest particles

A

gravel > sand > silt > clay

108
Q

nonclastic sedimentary rocks

A

precipitated from chemical solutions and/or accumulated chemical, biological matter

109
Q

the most abundant nonclastic sedimentary rock

A

limestone

110
Q

limestone is a ? because it is able to be dissolved in dilute acid

A

carbonate

111
Q

common textures of nonclastic sedimentary rocks

A

crystalline, microcrystalline, skeletal (calcium-rich), oolitic, massive

112
Q

stratification

A

law of original horizontality, law of superposition

113
Q

cross-bedding

A

movement direction of ancient currents

114
Q

fossil content

A

environment setting (continental, marine, or transitional)

115
Q

the direction of wind is coming from the left if the slope is

A

steadily rising from left to right with a sudden drop-off on the right

116
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

changed rocks from preexisting rocks under solid state

117
Q

agents of change for metamorphic rocks

A

temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluid

118
Q

three types of metamorphism

A
  1. high-pressure, low-temp @ subduction zones
  2. high-pressure, high-temp @ C-C boundary
  3. low-pressure, high-temp – contact metamorphism
119
Q

where does regional metamorphism: low sed.-high grade metamorphic rock occur?

A

C-C boundaries

120
Q

foliated metamorphic rocks

A

preferred alignment of platy mineral particles

121
Q

examples of foliated metamorphic rocks

A

shale, schist, gneiss

122
Q

nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

A

randomly arranged and interlocked mineral particles

123
Q

examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

A

marble (from limestone), quartzite (from sandstone)

124
Q

what metamorphic rocks are good for construction?

A

slate, gneiss

125
Q

foliation planes are

A

potential planes of weakness

126
Q

want foliation planes to be angled (away from/toward) road

A

away from–prevent landslide

127
Q

want foliation planes to be (parallel/perpendicular) to dam face

A

parallel–don’t want to let water flow around the dam

128
Q

joint

A

break with no movement

129
Q

fault

A

break with movement

130
Q

fold

A

ductile deformation (mountainous terrain, related to active plate boundaries)

131
Q

uncomformity

A

represents geologic time gap (erosion instead of deposition)

132
Q

nonconformity

A

b/w sedimentary and igneous

133
Q

angular unconformity

A

between nonparallel strata

134
Q

disconformity

A

between parallel strata

Geology 105 (1 decks)

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