Test 1 Flashcards by Maxim Bernatchez

People can have at least two kinds of authority: authority based on ________ and authority based on ________.

a) evidence;research
b) research;knowledge
c) position; knowledge
d) knowledge;evidence

c). position; knowledge

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Knowledge is a product of ________.

a) science
b) socialprocesses
c) research proposals
d) authority

b) social processes

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Knowledge is both a product and the property of ________.

a) individuals
b) authority
c) social groups
d) science

c) social groups

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The most common way by which we get answers to our questions is to consult ________.

a) researchproposals
b) stories
c) scientific evidence
d) authorities

d) authorities

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To evaluate the opinions of authorities, we review their ________.

a) proposal
b) research
c) knowledge
d) principles

b) research

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The production of knowledge usually begins ________.

a) when the public, governments, or some group of experts realize that the state of knowledge in some area is no longer adequate
b) after funding bodies, corporations, and universities have received relevant research proposals indicating where knowledge is lacking
c) once research findings are communicated and endorsed by professional organizations
d) once research findings begin to be applied

a) when the public, governments, or some group of experts realize that the state of
knowledge in some area is no longer adequate

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Before we make informed inquiries and judgements of authorities, we must first understand ________.

a) the influence of personal experiences
b) the research process
c) their academic background
d) All of the above

b) the. research process

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________ is most useful for answering questions about how the social, biological, or physical world operates.

a) Authority derived from experience
b) Authority derived from position
c) Authority derived from popularity
d) Authority derived from knowledge

d) authority derived from knowledge

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When we are looking for an answer to a question or problem from a person with authority, the essential guideline we should be concerned with is that the authority has ________.

a) expertise in the area
b) widespread and popular appeal
c) a strong opinion
d) power over others

a) expertise in the area

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According to the authors, a problem that will usually arise when consulting two or more recognized authorities in the same field about an answer to some social problem is that ________.

a) they might both agree about what the. answer is
b) they might both disagree about what the answer is
c) they might have no idea whatsoever about what the answer is
d) they might seek the advice. of other authority figures

b) they might both disagree about what the answer is

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The research process is guided by rules and principles for making confident statements about ________ of the world based on our ________.

a) observations; knowledge
b) knowledge; opinions
c) knowledge; methods
d) knowledge; observations

d) knowledge; observations

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When making informed inquiries and judgments of authorities, the following question is not relevant: ________.

a) Did the authority receive adequate funding to carry out the research project?
b) Have all stages of the research been conducted properly?
c) Does the authority’s research address the relevant aspects of the question?
d) Has the authority made a valid interpretation of the research findings?

a) Did the authority receive adequate funding to carry out the research project?

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In regards to the research process, corporations need to ______.

a) have an idea of public preferences for products or services
b) know what it is like to live under certain conditions
c) assess the validity of theories that have consequences for the way they practice
d) know the effects of their policies

a) have an idea of public preferences for products or services

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When a researcher’s findings are controversial, the best way for the researcher to settle the matter is to appeal to their ________.

a) expertise
b) authoritystatus
c) evidence
d) socialposition

c) evidence

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________ can be defined as “description of the state or operation of some aspect of the universe upon which people or groups are prepared to act.”

a) A research question
b) Atheory
c) Research
d) Knowledge

d) knowledge

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According to the authors, our way of evaluating, accepting and discrediting information is based on our ________.

a) age
b) social standing
c) culture
d) friends

c) culture

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When determining the credibility of internet sources, the authors suggest the following tips except for the following: ________.

a) Use data from reputable organizations
b) Corroborate data with other sources
c) Look for sources/references on the webpage
d) Use any website that supports your argument

d) use any website that supports your argument

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According to the authors, ________ are not reputable sources.

a) companies
b) universities
c) social media websites
d) academics

c) social media websites

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The authors argue that culture influences ________.

a) the way we see
b) who we interact with
c) how we learn
d) All of the above

d) all of the above

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Professionals such as doctors need to assess the ________ of theories that have consequences for the way they practise.

a) validity
b) reliability
c) dates
d) generalization

a) validity

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The following statements best describes the role of scientific inquiry in the research process: ________.
a) Science produces widely accepted descriptions of the universe
b) Science collects, weighs, and evaluates empirical evidence in order to accept or
refute a theory
c) Science is used for gathering and evaluating qualitative data
d) Science is used for gathering and evaluating quantitative data

a) Science produces widely accepted descriptions of the universe

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If you decide on a ________ approach for your research topic, you will select varia- bles and find measures for the topic prior to gathering evidence.

a) qualitative
b) quantitative
c) scientific
d) qualitative or quantitative

b) quantitative

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________ collects and analyzes evidence in such a way that others looking at the same evidence in the same way would draw the same conclusions.

a) Qualitative research
b) Scientific research
c) Quantitative research
d) Empirical research

b) scientific research

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Design and devise measures for variables are selected in ________ of the research process.

a) Phase 1
b) Phase 2
c) Phase 3
d) Phase 4

a) phase 1

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A research question is usually ________. a) a general question b) a small fragment of a larger question c) determined by the research methodology d) biased in its first stages

b) a small fragment of a larger question

The researcher relates the collected data to the research question and then draws conclusions in ________. a) Phase. 1 b) Phase 2 c) Phase 3 d) Phase 4

c) phase 3

Miguel has just completed in-depth interviews with a small group of young men and women about the kinds of concerns they have about finding jobs after complet- ing their university degrees. He now begins the process of poring over the interview data for the purpose of identifying themes. Miguel’s research project is an example of ________ research involving ________ of the research process a) quantitative; Phase3 b) quantitative; Phase3 c) qualitative; Phase 2 d) qualitative; Phase3

d) qualitative; phase 3

Phase 3 of the research process is ________. a) research design selection b) relate data to the research question c) data collection d) analysis and interpretation

d) analysis and interpretation

The result of the research process is ________. a) evidence b) data c) theory d) knowledge

d) knowledge

The goal of ________ is to produce a widely acceptable description of the nature or operation of some aspect of the universe. a) research b) science c) research design d) theory

b) science

Empirical research is most capable of answering questions ________. a) involving sensory data b) about the meaning of life c) about the existence of God d) about whether some action is right or wrong

a) involving sensory data

When constructing a researchable question, the question must ________. a) be constructed in such a way as to capture the most information about the re- search topic as possible b) be narrow and very specific c) be asked in such a way as to include a wide range of social phenomena d) must incorporate “global” issues.

b) be narrow and very specific

________ data can be seen, heard, touched, recorded, measured, and counted. a) Qualitative b) Scientific c) Sensory d) Sample

c) sensory

Step 2 of Phase 1 of the research process is to ________. a) selectasample b) select, narrow, and formulate the question to be studied c) select a research design d) set up tables for analysis

c) select a research design

Discipline in research requires that the researcher remain as objective as possible when asking questions and reporting findings. The benefit of objectivity in the re- search process is that it ________. a) increases the accuracy of the results b) reduces the chances that the researcher has overgeneralized the findings c) safeguards against asking non-empirical research topic questions d) reduces biased results

d) reduces biased results

The purpose of a theory is to ________. a) make as many guesses as possible about the way things are b) link the research question to the research findings c) show how things relate to each other d) transform abstract ideas of how things work into empirical research questions

c) show how things relate to each other

In qualitative research, a sample is selected a) to represent the larger population b) to represent dimensions of interest of the research c) by random sampling procedures d) on a case-by-case basis as qualitative research rarely uses samples

a) to represent the larger population

While theories are ________, data are ________. a) abstract; concrete b) measures; records c) concrete; abstract d) direct observations; abstract mental images

a) abstract; concrete

The methodology of a research study is determined by ________. a) the nature of the research question b) the sample you choose c) scientific or empirical research d) the results of your study

a) the nature of the research question

Qualitative research is used ________. a) to understand non-numberical information b) to address questions of how or why things happen c) to provide a holistic overview of an experience d) All of the above

b) to address questions of how or why things happen

Quantitative research ________. a) looks for deeper meaning b) soes not describe phenomenon c) uses numbers, formulas, and statistics d) chooses not to make predictions or inferences

c) uses numbers, formulas, and statistics

(T OR F) Science can be defined as a discipline that collects, weighs, and evaluates the empiri- cal evidence for accepting a particular theory or explanation.

True

(T OR F) The results of research may be used to develop remedies for problems or strategies for projects, but they are not able to develop plans for action.

False

(T OR F) While qualitative and quantitative research designs both follow the essential first steps in Phase 1, there are differences in the way they do.

True

(T OR F) The process of data collection involves a researcher relating the evidence to the re- search question.

True

(T OR F) If you choose to take a qualitative approach, you will select variables and find measures for them before you gather evidence.

True

(T OR F) In qualitative research, situations or people are selected as samples to represent di- mensions of interest to the researcher.

True

(T OR F) In Phase 1 of the research process, step 2 requires the researcher to focus, clarify, and narrow the research problem.

False

(T OR F) The researcher collects evidence about the research question in Phase 3 of the re- search process.

False

(T OR F) Measures for the variables are selected in Phase 1 of the research process.

True

(T OR F) Drawing conclusions and writing the report often take more time than data collection.

True

(T OR F) Data collection often takes the least amount of time, especially in quantitative research.

True

(T OR F) Analysis and interpretation of data means relating the data collected to the research question and drawing conclusions.

True

(T OR F) The researcher makes suggestions for further research in Phase 3 of the research process.

True

(T OR F) A researchable question is usually a small fragment of a larger question.

True

(T OR F) Researchable questions are not limited in scope to certain times, places, and conditions.

False

(T OR F) Empirical research can only be quantitative.

False

(T OR F) Questions about morals are not answerable by empirical research.

True

(T OR F) Empirical research can deal with only the observable, measurable aspects of the questions we want to answer.

True

(T OR F) While accuracy and honesty are important to the research process, they do not affect the realibity.

False

(T OR F) Recordkeeping safeguards the realibility of the research process.

True

________ are good starting points for research projects. a) Important family decisions b) Observations c) News reports d) All of the above

d) all of the above

At the ________ phase, a review of the literature can help define central variables. a) data analysis b) limitations of research c) conceptualization d) analysis and interpretation

c) conceptualization

According to the text, it is important to return to your literature review after the data have been collected and analyzed in order to ________. a) make certain that your findings do not contradict the findings of previous research b) compare your findings to existing research c) determine whether or not a more extensive literature review is required d) correct the mistakes that previous researchers may have made

b) compare your findings to existing research

In order to produce a clear statement of the problem to. be studied, the research statement must explicitly identify the ________ on which the researcher wants to focus. a) theories b) research methods c) issues d) data

c) issues

When it comes to “unpacking” a problem, the following question is the least relevant: ________ a) How long will it take to conduct the research? b) What are the major concepts? c) What is happening here? d) Why is this so?

a) How long will it take to conduct the research?

Researchable questions come in two different forms: ________. a) concept and hypothesis b) concept and research objective c) hypothesis and research objective d) research objective and research problem

c) hypothesis and research

Concepts are ________. a) the basic building blocks of a hypothesis b) ideas that stands for something c) classifications of things d) descriptions of. our world and our experience

b) ideas that stands for something

Focusing and diagramming hypotheses helps to clarify ________. a) the data b) theories c) research objectives d) various categories of the variable

b) theories

the key feature of a ________ is that it asserts that two concepts are related in a specific way. a) literature review b) variable c) research problem d) hypothesis

d) hypothesis

The relationship between the concepts cannot be described as positive or negative if the ________ is a categorical concept. a) dependent concept b) independent concept c) neutral concept d) nominal concept

b) independent concept

When more of one concept leads to less of the other and vice versa, the relationship between the concepts is a ________ one. a) negative b) positive c) neutral d) categorical

a) negative

d) nominal concept

The concept that is acted upon, produced, or “caused” by another concept is called the ________. a) dependent concept b) independent concept c) categorical concept d) causal concept

a) dependent concept

When the goal of research is descriptive rather than ________, a statement of an objective can serve to guide the research. a) qualitative b) exploratory c) explanatory d) none of the above

c) explanatory

A research objective is the preferred guide to research when a researcher’s aim is to ________ what is, rather than to ________ what is. a) test for; describe b) explore; describe c) hypothesize; explain d) describe; test for

d) describe; test for

A positive relationship between two concepts can be diagrammed in such a way that the ________ concept is represented as the one to which the arrow points. a) independent b) dependent c) categorical d) casual

b) dependent

________ are categories into which ideas, impressions, and observations of the world can be placed. a) Concepts b) Variables c) Hypotheses d) Research objectives

a) Concepts

c) hypothesize; explain | d) describe; test for

A variable ________. a) is something that remains constant b) is a type of concept that varies in amount or quality c) represents a concrete concept. d) is something that can be measured but is not something that can usually be observed

b) is a type of concept that varies in amount or quality

A research objective ________. a) often leads to ambiguous results b) states the goal of a study intended to describe c) is developed to guide research intended to test an explanation d) All of the above

d) All of the above

(T OR F) The literature review can be central to identifying factors that the researcher may not have considered including in his/her research project.

True

(T OR F) The literature review can assist in identifying and preparing a good research question.

True

(T OR F) To clarify and focus a research problem, we must “pack” it.

True

(T OR F) A concept is an idea that asserts a relationship between one or more hypotheses.

False

(T OR F) Concepts are categories or descriptions of our world and experience.

True

(T OR F) The key feature of a research problem is that it asserts that two concepts are related in a specific way.

False

(T OR F) A positive relationship is when “less of one” concept leads to “more of the other.”

False

(T OR F) A negative relationship is when “more of one” concept leads to “less of the other” and vice versa

True

(T OR F) The relationship between two concepts cannot be described as positive or negative if the dependent concept is a categorical concept.

true but we're not sure

(T OR F) An important family decision can be a starting point for a research project.

True

(T OR F) A nominal concept is one that is rigidly divided into two or more exclusive categories.

True

(T OR F) Changes in categorical concepts are described as “more” or “less” of the variable.

True

(T OR F) A dependent concept “causes,” produces a change in, or acts upon something else.

False

(T OR F) The concept that is acted upon, produced, or “caused” by the independent concept is called the dependent concept.

True

(T OR F) In its usual form, a hypothesis states that something about the independent concept produces a change in the dependent concept.

True

(T OR F) A policy issue is often the result of a research problem.

True

(T OR F) As with good quantitative research, good qualitative research is also guided by a clearly specified hypothesis.

False

(T OR F) When the goal of the research is explanatory rather than descriptive, a statement of objective can serve to guide the research.

True

(T OR F) Independent concepts are always independent regardless of the case.

False

(T OR F) Quantitative research looks to describe what is while qualitative research tries to test explanations for what is

True

(T OR F) Hypotheses are categories into which ideas, impressions, and observations of the world can be placed.

False

(T OR F) Variables must validly represent an abstract concept being studied.

True

(T OR F) A fundamental feature of a variable is that it can be observed and measured.

True

(T OR F) Variables must have more than one range of “possible states.”

False

(T OR F) Changes in variables represent changes in abstract concepts.

False

(T OR F) Operationalization defines a concept in terms that can be measured.

True

(T OR F) It is possible to state a hypothesis in an operational form but not in a conceptual form.

False

(T OR F) If a theoretical hypothesis asserts a positive relationship between two concepts, then it follows that the operational form of the hypothesis would also specify a positive relationship between the variables.

True

(T OR F) If there are no dependent and independent concepts and variables, it is still necessary to operationalize the concepts in the research objective.

False

(T OR F) One problem raised by validity is that concepts are often multidimensional and impossible to represent with a single variable.

True

(T OR F) There is no such thing as a perfect variable in social research.

true

(T OR F) Research objectives are used to guide research that seeks to describe rather than explain what is happening.

True

(T OR F) You can find the perfect variable for a given concept.

False

(T OR F) Validity is a serious issue for quantitative and qualitative methods.

True

(T OR F) A hypothesis is associated with qualitative research.

False

(T OR F) In qualitative research studies, it is important to have a predefined expectation about the outcome.

False

(T OR F) Internal validity refers to how closely your variable produces scores or observations that are consistent with what we observe in real life.

False

(T OR F) Content and construct validity are essentially the same thing.

False

________ are categories into which ideas, impressions, and observations of the world can be placed. a) Concepts b) Variables c) Hypotheses d) Research objectives

a) Concepts

Empirical researchers are concerned about making their abstract concepts observable and measurable so that ________. a) others can read and understand the research b) others can criticize the research c) others can effectively use the research d) others can follow and evaluate the research

c) others can effectively use the research

A variable _______. a) is something that remains constant b) is a type of concept that varies in amount or quality c) represents a concrete concept. d) is something that can be measured but is not something that can usually be observed

b) is a type of concept that varies in amount or quality

A ________ is a type of ________ that varies in amount or quality. a) concept / variable b) variable/concept c) hypothesis / question d) objective / hypothesis

b) variable/concept

In order to be measurable substitutes for abstract concepts, variables must ________. a) be valid in relation to the concept they are measuring b) have a range of “possible states” c) have “states” that are observable and measurable d) be all of the above

d) be all of the above

A positive change in a variable would indicate a corresponding ________ change in the abstract concept. a) negative b) positive c) neutral d) negative and positive

b) positive

An operational definition defines a concept in terms that can be ________. a) verified b) valid c) measured d) verified, valid, and measured

d) verified, valid, and measured

At the conceptual level, a hypothesis asserts a relationship between ________. a) concepts b) variables c) ideas d) theories

b) variables

What are the concepts in Dr. Samson’s study? a) undergraduate sociology students, Sociology 101 b) income, level of education, type of occupation c) socio-economic status, academic performance d) number of years of post-secondary education, prestige of occupation, annual household income in dollars after taxes

c) socio-economic status, academic performance

What are the variables in Dr. Samson’s study? a) undergraduate sociology students, Sociology 101 b) income,level of education,type of occupation c) socio-economic status, academic performance d) number of years of post-secondary education, prestige of occupation, annual household income in dollars after taxes

b) income, level of education,type of occupation

Which of the following statements best represents Dr. Samson’s conceptual hypothesis? a) academic performance + → socio-economic status b) socio-economicstatus + → academicperformance c) socio-economic status + → academic performance d) academic achievement + → individual’s final grade in Sociology 101

b or c) socio-economic status + → academic performance

Which of the following statements would best represent Dr. Samson’s operational hypothesis? a) income – → individual’s final grade in Sociology 101 b) individual’s final grade in Sociology101 + →income c) socio-economic status + → academic performance d) income + →individual’s final grade in Sociology101

d) income + →individual’s final grade in Sociology101

What is the independent concept in Dr. Samson’s study? a) socio-economic status b) income c) level of education d) academic performance e) life chances

a) socio-economic status

What is the dependent concept in Dr. Samson’s study? a) socio-economic status b) income c) level of education d) academic performance e) life chances

d) academic performance

Which of the following represents the independent variable in Dr. Samson’s study? a) Socio-economic status b) Number of years of parents’ post-secondary education c) Level of education d) Final grade in Sociology101

b) Number of years of parents’ post-secondary education

Which of the following represents the dependent variable in Dr. Samson’s study? a) socio-economic status b) final grade in Sociology101 c) number of years of parents’ post-secondary education d) income

b) final grade in Sociology101

Research objectives are used to guide research that seeks to ________ rather than ________ what is happening. a) explain / describe b) describe/explain c) question / answer d) answer/question

b) describe/explain

One problem raised by questions of validity is that concepts are often ________. a) measurable b) countable c) recordable d) multidimensional

d) multidimensional

According to the authors of your textbook, one of the more challenging and creative tasks in the research process is ________. a) deciding who to work with on projects b) finding variables that relate to the concepts that concern us c) writing up research proposals d) finding reliable sources

b) finding variables that relate to the concepts that concern us

Which of the following is not a type of validity discussed by the authors of your textbook? a) external validity b) internal validity c) project validity d) construct validity e) content validity

c) project validity

Which method uses a hypothesis? a) quantitative b) qualitative c) experiential d) both a and b

d) both a and b

When we talk about directional hypotheses, we are discussing ________. a) qualitative research b) cross-sectional research c) quantitative research d) personal research

c) quantitative research

(T OR F) Doing research involves reducing empirical questions to conceptual problems.

False

(T OR F) Some concepts are impossible to measure.

True

(T OR F) Hypotheses are categories into which ideas, impressions, and observations of the world can be placed.

False

(T OR F) Variables must validly represent an abstract concept being studied.

True

(T OR F) A fundamental feature of a variable is that it can be observed and measured.

True

(T OR F) Variables must have more than one range of “possible states.”

False

(T OR F) Changes in variables represent changes in abstract concepts.

False

(T OR F) Operationalization defines a concept in terms that can be measured.

True

(T OR F) It is possible to state a hypothesis in an operational form but not in a conceptual form.

False

True

(T OR F) If there are no dependent and independent concepts and variables, it is still necessary to operationalize the concepts in the research objective.

False

(T OR F) One problem raised by validity is that concepts are often multidimensional and impossible to represent with a single variable.

True

(T OR F) There is no such thing as a perfect variable in social research.

True

(T OR F) Research objectives are used to guide research that seeks to describe rather than explain what is happening.

True

(T OR F) You can find the perfect variable for a given concept.

False

(T OR F) Validity is a serious issue for quantitative and qualitative methods.

True

(T OR F) A hypothesis is associated with qualitative research.

False

(T OR F) In qualitative research studies, it is important to have a predefined expectation about the outcome.

False

(T OR F) Internal validity refers to how closely your variable produces scores or observations that are consistent with what we observe in real life.

False

(T OR F) Content and construct validity are essentially the same thing.

False

Test 1 Flashcards

(161 cards)