Test 1

Question 1

Who said “Many are related by the one”

Answer 1

Thales

Question 2

Thales believed everything went back to one substance. What is that substance?

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

Who is the first western philosopher?

Answer 3

Thales

Question 4

Who said, “all things are number?”

Answer 4

Pythagoras

Question 5

What do “All things are number mean?”

Answer 5

Math is the language of nature

Question 6

For this philosopher, math was a quasi-religious experience?

Answer 6

Pythagoras

Question 7

Who introduced the concept of form in philosophy?

Answer 7

Pythagoras

Question 8

Summarize Pythagoras’s relationship between music and math.

Answer 8

Music and math are related in many ways. For example, the notes on the scale, the notes in a cord, the number of beats per measure, the length of time each beat is held. These all share a mathematical relationship.

Question 9

“You cannot step into the same river twice.”

Answer 9

Heraclitus

Question 10

When Heraclitus referenced the “thought that steers all things” what is the Greek term is he referring to?

Answer 10

Logos

Question 11

Which philosopher that we have studied is a Pantheist?

Answer 11

Heralclitus

Question 12

Who said that all conflict is neccessary?

Answer 12

Heraclitus

Question 13

What is the key assumption Parmenides had?

Answer 13

Being is Absolute, Change does not happen

Question 14

Who created the “principle of intellgibility”?

Answer 14

Parmenides

Question 15

Who argued that change is irrational?

Answer 15

Parmenides

Question 16

Who is famous for their many paradoxes?

Answer 16

Zeno

Question 17

The storyy of Achilles and the tortise was written by who?

Answer 17

Zeno

Question 18

What argument pattern does Zeno follow?

Answer 18

reductio ad absurdum

Question 19

What is the point behind the millet seed parable?

Answer 19

Trust reason, not your senses

Question 20

Who were the Sophists?

Answer 20

A group of philosophers who followed relativism.

Question 21

According to the Sophists, the most important form of education is?

Answer 21

Rhetoric

Question 22

Define Physis

Answer 22

Things that are true by nature

Question 23

Define Nomos

Answer 23

Things that are true by social custom i.e moral rules

Question 24

Who said that “Man is the measure of all things?

Answer 24

Protagoras

Question 25

Which philospher that we studied was a individual relativist

Answer 25

Protagoras

Question 26

Who said Justice is "the advantage of the stronger"

Answer 26

Thrasymachus

Question 27

What does "might makes right" mean?

Answer 27

The powerful in society make the rules and determine what is just and unjust

Question 28

Who said, "Morality is an invention of the weak"

Answer 28

Callicles

Question 29

What does "morality is an invention of the weak" mean?

Answer 29

It is a lie they crafted into a shield to protect themselves from the powerful, a way to shackle the strong.

Question 30

Plato was the founder a school called...

Answer 30

The Academy

Question 31

True or False Plato was a moral relativist

Answer 31

False

Question 32

True or False Plato was an objectivist

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Describe the divided Line

Answer 33

The four levels of knowledge

Question 34

Why is opinon not knowledge?

Answer 34

It is not knowledge because we cannot explain why. Science is the first level of true knowledge.

Question 35

According to Plato, what are the true objects of knowledge, that are the eternal changeless non-material essences or patterns of which the things we see are but poor copies?

Answer 35

The forms

Question 36

What is Plato's highest form?

Answer 36

The form of good

Question 37

What are the 3 parts of the soul

Answer 37

Reason Spirit Desire

Question 38

Describe the chariot story by Plato and its meaning?

Answer 38

The driver of the chariot is reason. The horses are spirit and desire. When our chariot is in harmony, then life is going in the right direction. When one horse goes awry the chariot wrecks as does life.

Question 39

What are the 4 cardinal virtues?

Answer 39

Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice

Question 40

Who said that "virtue is the fulfillment of function?"

Answer 40

Plato

Question 41

True or False, According to Plato, Humans are irrational and have reason, therefore they have wisdom.

Answer 41

False.

Question 42

Heraclitus thought that fire is the element which best exemplifies reality, saying that the world is “an ever-living fire.” What is it about fire that made Heraclitus think that?

Answer 42

Reality and change are inseparable. * The central fact about reality, according to Heraclitus, is change. The primary element should account for this fact in some way. * Earth, air, and water are static, inert. But fire is itself a process of change. So fire is the element which best exemplifies reality.

Question 43

Parmenides argued that change is an illusion. Summarize his argument.

Answer 43

For change to occur, something new must come to be. This new thing cannot come from nothing. Nor can it come from Being, for then it already was. So nothing new can come to be and therefore change is impossible. The changes we think we see are illusions.

Question 44

Socrates said that “knowledge is virtue” and “ignorance is vice.” What did he mean by that?

Answer 44

All of our actions are named in something good. We seek what is truly good. The real key is that we need to know whats really good. If we don't know whats really good, we will chase after what appears to be good but is harmful in the long run. If we know what is truly good, we will seek that. In that case knowledge leads to virtue.

Question 45

Summarize Plato’s allegory of the cave. What point does Plato make with this story?

Answer 45

A group of prisoners are held deep in a cave, who have never seen anything but shadows cast on a wall. They think they are real. If a prisoner leaves the cave and sees the sun, they would realize that the shadows in the cave are hints of a deeper reality. His point is that there are two worlds. The visible world (the shadows) represents our senses and intelligible world (the sun) represents our mind. Through the intelligible world we obtain real knowledge.

Question 46

Summarize Plato’s metaphor of the “charioteer.” What part did it play in his ethical theory?

Answer 46

Plato compares the human soul to a chariot with two horses. One horse is desire [or appetite], the other horse is spirit. The charioteer driving the chariot is reason. Suppose the charioteer loses control of the horses. The chariot will veer off course (and may even crash). Unless the charioteer remains in control, the chariot will not reach its destination.

Question 47

Plato thought that virtue is the fulfillment of function. What did he mean by that, and what role does that concept play in his ethical theory?

Answer 47

The good of something is tied to its function. To live a good life, we must have a good soul. Our soul will be good only when the three parts of the soul fulfill their proper functions. When reason fulfills its function, the soul has wisdom. When spirit fulfills its function, the soul has courage. When appetite fulfills its function, the soul has moderation [or temperance]. When our soul has all three of those virtues, the soul is in harmony and we achieve a fourth virtue, which is justice. [Those virtues later came to be known as the four “cardinal virtues.”]