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Psych 3400 > Test # 1 > Flashcards

Test # 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Abnormal Psychology?

A

Understanding the nature, causes and treatments of mental disorders.

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2
Q

What is family aggregation?

A

A disorder that runs in a family.

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3
Q

Why is the classification system important?

A

It is important because it helps us determine if someone has a mental disorder by having 2 or more of these traits.

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4
Q

What are the parts to the classification system?

A
  1. Suffering 2. Maladaptiveness (unable to adapt) 3. Deviancy (rare & undesireable socially/culturally unacceptable).
  2. Violates Social Standards
  3. Social Discomfort
  4. Irrational/unpredictable
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5
Q

What does the word “Prevalence” mean?

A

The number of active cases for a given time period.

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6
Q

Define Epidemiology.

A

The study of the distribution of diseases/disorders in a population.

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7
Q

What does “incidence” mean?

A

number of new cases for a given period of time.

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8
Q

Define comorbidity.

A

The presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person.

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9
Q

What do we need to consider before we jump to conclusions?

A
  1. culture 2. setting 3. expectation 4. social norms 5. belief 6. experience 7. context
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10
Q

What is the DSM IV definition on Mental Disorder?

A
  • A significant behavioral or psychological syndrome/pattern.
  • Associated with distress or disability.
  • Not a predictable and culturally sanctioned response to an event.
  • Reflects behavioral, psychological or biological dysfunctions.
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11
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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12
Q

What is the DSM for?

A

THe DSM attempts to be impartial to any theory of causality. It rules out behaviors that are culturally sanctioned. Also that mental disorders are always the product of dysfunctions in an individual. IT DOES NOT TELL YOU HOW YOU GOT IT.

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13
Q

Define Etiology.

A

Factors that contribute to a disorder.

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14
Q

What titles/positions go under PHD?

A

Psychologist: clinical, counseling, marriage & family therapist.

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15
Q

What titles/positions go under MD?

A

Psychiatrist

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16
Q

What titles/positions go under MA?

A

Marriage & Family Therapist, License of clinical psychologists (LCP), License practicing counselors (LPC), License social workers (LCSW), Master Social Work (MSW), School psychologists

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17
Q

What titles/positions go under other?

A

Life coach

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18
Q

What does PTSD stand for?

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

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19
Q

What is the acronym of Post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

PTSD

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20
Q

What is the definition for actue?

A

Describes a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms.

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21
Q

Define Recurrent.

A

a disorder pattern that tends to come and go.

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22
Q

What are the BIG 5 Personality Traits?

A

Openness - easily adapts
Conscientiousness - detailed oriented
Extroversion - opposite introversion. Where you draw energy.
Agreeableness - social conscience Low= use people
Neuroticism - needs to have a plan. High = high anxiety

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23
Q

What is the criteria of PTSD (from the DSM)?

A
  • exposure to life threatening/dangering trauma.
  • recurrent re-experiencing of the traumatic event through nightmares or flashback memories.
  • Avoidance of things associated with the trauma and emotional numbing
  • increased arousal/fear
  • Last for at least a month, has to cause distress.
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24
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of PTSD?

A
  1. Recurrent re-experiencing of the traumatic event through nightmares or intrusive memories.
  2. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and emotional numbing.
  3. Increased arousal which may involve insomnia, the inability to tolerate noise and an excessive response when startled.
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25
Q

What are stressors?

A

External demands that cause stress.

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26
Q

What is stress?

A

the effects of stressors.

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27
Q

What are coping strategies?

A

Ways to deal with stress.

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28
Q

What is stress tolerance?

A

a person’s ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired.

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29
Q

What are the key factors in stress?

A
  1. the severity of the stressor
  2. Its chonicity
  3. its timing
  4. how closely it affects our lives
  5. how expected it is
  6. how controllable it is.
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30
Q

What is the definition of a “Crisis”?

A

A time when a stressful situation threatens to exceed or exceeds the adaptive capacities of a person or group.

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31
Q

Define Allostatic Load?

A

the biological cost of adapting to stress. High load = high stress

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32
Q

What is prevention for PTSD?

A

Reduce the frequency of traumatic events. Prepare people ahead of time with information and coping skills.

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33
Q

What is Fear?

A

The source of danger is obvious.

  • A basic emotion that involves activation of the fight or flight response.
  • An instantaneous reaction to any threat such as someone point a gun or a dangerous predator.
  • When the fear occurs in the absence of any obvious danger, we say the person had a panic attack.
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34
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

A complex blend of unpleasant emotions and thoughts that are oriented to the future and are more spread out than fear.

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35
Q

What are the 3 components of Fear and Panic?

A
  1. cognitive/subjective components (I feel afraid/terrified, I’m going to die)
  2. Physiological components (increased heart rate and heavy breathing).
  3. Behavioral component (a strong urge to escape or flee).
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36
Q

Explain what anxiety is at the cognitive/subjective level.

A

It involves negative mood, worry about possible future threat or danger, self preoccupation and a sense of being unable to predict the future threat or to control it if it occurs.

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37
Q

Explain anxiety at a physiological level.

A

It creates a state of tension and chronic over arousal, which may reflect readiness for dealing with danger it if occurs. No activation of the fight of flight response. It does however prepare a person for the fight or flight response should danger occur.

38
Q

Explain anxiety on a behavioral level.

A

Anxiety may create a strong tendency to avoid situations where danger might be encountered, but there is not the immediate behavioral urge to flee with anxiety as there is with fear. Anxiety helps us prepare for possible threat.

39
Q

What does it mean to condition to fear?

A

Fears can be learned in several different ways. i.e. witness someone else being afraid of it.

40
Q

What are the seven types of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Specific Phobia
  2. Social Phobia
  3. Panic Disorder with or without agoraphobia.
  4. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  5. OCD
  6. Acute Stress Disorder
  7. PTSD
41
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

the most common feared and avoided situations include streets and crowded places. Standing in line can be very difficult. Concerned that they may have a panic attack or get sick.

People with agoraphobia are anxious about being in places or situations where they can’t escape, would be embarrassed, or couldn’t get immediate help.

These type of people are scared of their own bodily sensations. They avoid activities such as exercising, watching scary movies, engaging in sexual activity.

42
Q

What is a Specific Phobia?

A

Has strong and persistent fear that they realize is excessive or unreasonable and is triggered by the presence of a specific object or situation.

43
Q

What is the criteria for a Specific Phobia?

A
  1. Marked or persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable.
  2. Exposure triggers panic
  3. Recognize it is an unrealistic fear.
  4. Avoid situation/endure it.
  5. Interfere with your normal functioning.
  6. Duration is at least 6 months.
44
Q

What is a Social Phobia?

A

Fear in one or more social settings. They fear that they may be exposed to negative evaluation of others. Or that they may act in an embarrassing or humiliating way. People with social phobia avoid these situations or endure it with great distress.

45
Q

What is the criteria for a Social Phobia?

A
  1. Persistent fear in one or more social settings.
  2. Exposure in social settings triggers panic.
  3. Person recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.
  4. Situations avoided or endured.
  5. Interferes with normal functioning.
  6. No time limit.
46
Q

What is Blood-injection injury phobia?

A

This is a type of specific phobia. People with this phobia have a unique response when in the sight of blood or injury. Their heart rate drops as well as their blood pressure. This is accompanied by nausea, dizziness and/or fainting, which do not occur in other specific phobias.

47
Q

What is the criteria for Panic Disorder without agoraphobia?

A
  1. Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
  2. At least one of these two attacks:
    - concern about having an attack
    - worry about consequences of an attack (i.e. heart attack).
  3. Absence of agoraphobia
  4. Panic attack not due to the effects of a substance or medical condition.
  5. Panic attacks not explained by another disorder such as social or specific phobia.
48
Q

What is the criteria for Panic Disorder with agoraphobia?

A
  1. Recurrent uncued panic attacks.
  2. Worry about another or consequences of another.
  3. Not physical/general medical condition or other mental health concern.
  4. Agoraphobia: anxiety about being in places that you cannot escape from. Situations are avoided or endured.
49
Q

What is the criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorders?

A
  1. Excessive worry for more than 6 months.
  2. Hard to control the worry.
  3. Anxiety and worry associated with 3 or more of the following symptoms.
    - restlessness
    - fatigue
    - Difficulty concentrating
    - Irritability
    - muscle tension
    - sleep disturbance.
  4. No other mental health condition
  5. symptoms cause distress or impairment.
50
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

These people live in a relatively constant future oriented state of apprehension, chronic tension, worry and diffuse uneasiness that they cannot control. They have problems making decisions, and after they make the decision they worry about it after going to bed.

51
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses. They cannot stop thinking about something.

52
Q

What are compulsions?

A

These are behaviors specifically driven in response to an obsession. (These will get rid of the thought from obsessions) Aimed at reducing anxiety or reducing obsessions.

53
Q

What is the criteria for obsessions?

A
  1. recurrent thoughts cause distress
  2. excessive to reality
  3. try to ignore
  4. know it is mental
54
Q

What is the criteria for compulsions?

A
  1. repetitive behaviors

2. reduced anxiety/distress

55
Q

What does OCD stand for?

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

56
Q

What is the criteria for OCD?

A
  1. you can have either obsessions or compulsions
  2. know its unreasonable
  3. It interferes with one hour or more per day.
57
Q

What are the 3 treatments for phobias?

A
  1. Exposure Phobia
  2. Participant Modeling
  3. Virtual Reality Environments
58
Q

What is the treatment exposure phobia?

A

A form of behavior therapy which is the best treatment for specific phobias. Involves controlled exposure to the stimuli or situations that elicit phobic fears.

Clients are gradually placed in situations that they find the most frightening. In the treatment, clients are encouraged to expose themselves to their feared situations for long amounts of time so that their fears begin to subside.

59
Q

What is the treatment participant modeling?

A

Participant Modeling is more effective than exposure alone. Here the therapist calmly models ways of interacting with the phobic situation. By doing this the client learns that these situations are not as frightening, unpleasant, and not harmful as they had thought. It is very effective for small-animal phobias, blood injection phobia, claustrophobia, and flying phobia.

60
Q

What is the treatment virtual reality environment?

A

These stimulate certain kinds of phobic situations, such as heights and airplanes, as places to conduct exposure treatment. If this was effective and available not as many real situation treatments would need to be conducted. Not many studies have been done with this. Not sure if it is effective.

61
Q

Describe and define mood disorders.

A

In all mood disorders, extremes of emotion or affect - soaring happiness or deep depression - dominate the clinical picture. They are defined in terms of episodes. Are they typical or maladaptive? If not typical, then possibly a mood disorder. They exist in 2 realms: Depression and Mania.

62
Q

Define Mania.

A

Mania is an intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.

63
Q

What is depression?

A

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection.

64
Q

What are mixed-episode cases?

A

an individual may have symptoms of mania and depression during the same time period. The person experiences rapidly alternating moods such as sadness, euphoria, and irritability, all within the same episode of illness.

65
Q

What is grief?

A

Grief is the psychological process one goes through following the death of a loved one - a process that is more difficult for men than women.

66
Q

What are the four phases in the grieving process?

A
  1. Numbing and disbelief that may last from a few hours to a week. This includes intense distress, panic, or anger.
  2. Yearning and searching for the dead person.
  3. Disorganization and despair that set in after yearning and searching diminish. (The person accepts the loss as permanent and tries to establish a new identity. Criteria for major depressive disorder may be met during this phase).
  4. Some level of reorganization when people gradually begin to rebuild their lives, sadness abates, and zest for life returns.

The grief process should take 2 months. If it goes beyond 2 months it can be diagnosed for Major Depressive Episode.

67
Q

What is the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode?

A

A. have 5 or more of the below characteristics in a two week period.
- Depressed mood
- Lack/loss of pleasure
- Weight loss/gain
- Sleep disturbance
-Psycho motor agitation/retardation
- Loss of energy/fatigue ( you get worn out easily)
- Worthlessness or excessive guilt
- Poor concentration (can’t stay focused on things).
- Thoughts of suicide - persistent obsession of death.
B. not manic/mixed
C. Causes distress

(SIGECAMPS)

68
Q

Define Relapse.

A

The return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time.

69
Q

What is Dysthymia?

A

(eeyore) They show poorer outcomes and as much impairment as those with major depression. You realize one day that everything about life sucks, but that’s how it goes. You don’t know what happiness is.

70
Q

What is the criteria for Dysthymia?

A

A. Depressed mood for most of the day for more than 2 years
B. 2 or more of the following:
- poor appetite or overeating
-insomnia or hypersomnia
- low energy or fatigue
- low self esteem
- poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
- Feelings of hopelessness
C. Not without depression for more than 2 months
D. Not a mood depressive disorder.
E. There has never been a manic episode, or a mixed episode.
F. Cause distress or impairment.

71
Q

What is Major Depression Disorder?

A

They have more symptoms than are required for dysthymia and the symptoms are more persistent. They must experience either markedly depressed moods or marked loss of interest in pleasurable activities most of every day, nearly every day, for at least two consecutive weeks with five or more of the symptoms.

72
Q

What is the criteria for MDD?

A
  1. Presence of a Major Depressive Episode
    - Single (initial) episode
    - Recurrent episode
  2. The major depressive episode is not better accounted for by another disorder.
  3. There has never been a manic or mixed episode.
73
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

A less serious version of a full blown bipolar disorder. There must be at least a 2 year span during which there are numerous periods with hypomanic and depressed symptoms and the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. One manic episode the diagnosis chances to bipolar I.

74
Q

What is the criteria for cyclothymic disorder?

A
  1. for at least 2 years with hypomanic or dysthymic/depressive
  2. Not without a depression in more than 2 months.
  3. Not a major depressive disorder
  4. Not manic/mixed
  5. Causes distress
75
Q

What is Bipolar I disorder?

A

Distinguished from major depressive disorder by at least one manic episode or mixed episode. It has a full blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least one week. They symptoms are intermixed and alternate rapidly within a few days.

76
Q

What is the criteria for Bipolar I Disorder?

A
  1. Presence of 1 or more manic/mixed episodes
  2. Presence of 1 or more major depressive episodes (not required)
  3. It is not something else
  4. Distress and impairment
  5. specify current episode for treatment: hypomanic, manic, mixed, or depressive.
77
Q

What is Bipolar II Disorder?

A

The person does not experience full blown manic or mixed episodes but has experienced clear cut hypomanic episodes, as well as major depressive episodes as in Bipolar I disorder.

78
Q

What is the criteria for Bipolar II Disorder?

A
  1. Presence of 1 + hypmanic episode
  2. Presence of 1 + Major Depressive Episode (not required)
  3. Not something else
  4. Distress
  5. Never had a manic episode
79
Q

What is rapid cycling?

A

People with bipolar disorder experience at least 4 episodes(either manic or depressive) every year.

80
Q

What is the criteria for a manic episode? (STDGGP)

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Talkative
  3. Distractable
  4. Goal directed
  5. Grandios
  6. Pleasure-seeking
81
Q

What is the criteria for a depressive episode? (SIGECAMPS)

A 
Suicide
Interest
Guilt
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Mood
Psychomotor
Sleep
82
Q

What is double depression?

A

They have dysthymia and then get a major depressive episode. (baseline is dysthymic)

83
Q

What is postpartum psychosis?

A

Break from reality. Delusions. Hallucinations. It is a mood disorder but at some point crosses over.

84
Q

What are the baby blues?

A

They are not a mood disorder. They start at about 3 - 5 days and last about 10 - 14. Usually lasts two weeks. If lasts longer it is not the baby blues.

85
Q

Postpartum depression.

A

When you should start to worry is when it lasts longer or gets more deep. Like when it interferes with other functions. Some have suicidal thoughts and that is when they need help. It can also escalate to the baby blues.

86
Q

What depression is not…

A

It is not a grieving process we expect everyone to go through. We expect a depressed mood.

87
Q

What is grief?

A

It is something you can pinpoint as the cause. Depression can be linked to grief if that has lasted two months or more.

88
Q

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

Has to be 2 seasons (2 years) and only happens in 1 season and not the other seasons.

89
Q

You do not treat bipolar people with antidepressants, why?

A

Because it can make you manic.

90
Q

If you have been diagnoised with a bipolar disorder you are diagnosed with that for life. Why?

A

its for medical security to keep you safe later.

Psych 3400 (3 decks)

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