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Cognitive Psych COPY (back up) > Test 1 (Ch. 1-4) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Ch. 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Cognition is…
  2. includes abilities like …
A
  1. acquiring and processing info about the world in order to make behavioral decisions
  2. perception, language, memory
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2
Q

fuse of form face area

A

theory that there is one location in the brain for recognition, there are actually multiple parts of the brain involved

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3
Q

The filing drawer problem is

A
  • publishers only publish significant findings (p<.05)
  • many labs do an expir and find no sig diff (these go into filing drawer) but one expir finds sig results & is published
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4
Q

EX’s of pseudoscience from class

A

lumosity:
phrenology:
freud:
lie detectors:
graphology

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5
Q

cognition is made up of subfield research , including

A

eyewitness test., decision making, object recognition, language disorders, neuropsych

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6
Q

basic research is

A

research whose goal is to try to understand the world and its phenomena without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge
o EX: studying why are people color blind

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7
Q

applied research is

A

concerned with the end-goal of developing a solution to a problem
o EX: How can I make the world easier for people who are color blind?
o Video games now have color blind uniform settings so players can ID their team vs enemy

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8
Q

AI does…

A

simulations of brain processes via computers

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9
Q

AI is most successful in

A

if-this-than-that functions, ex: math, chess, manufacturing

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10
Q

AI isn’t good at

A

flexible thinking, ex: chatbot hell

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11
Q

Machine learning programs computers to

A

learn more than what they were originally programmed to do, ie: change their behavior to become better at a task

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12
Q

machine learning technique modeled on the brain

A

artificial neural networks

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13
Q

EX’s of invasive neuroscience technique

A

injecting a person with radioactive tracer then have them do a task; trans-cranial mag stim (TMS)

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14
Q

EX of NON-invasive neuroscience tech

A

EEG, MEG, fNIRS

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15
Q

What is the mind-body problem?

A

What is the connection between the brain and the mind? Is the mind purely a result of the physical brain?

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16
Q

Perspectives on the mind-body problem

A

monism, dualism, pragmatic materialism

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17
Q

Monism is…

A

the brain and the mind are one substance

18
Q

the 3 types of monism are…

A

a. Physicalism aka materialism
b. Idealism
c. neutral monism

19
Q

Physicalism aka materialism

A

There is only physical matter. cognition is based in the processes of the physical brain.

20
Q

idealism states…

A

Only the mind is real, physical reality is mentally constructed. Ex: the matrix

21
Q

3 tenants of neutral monism

A

-there is only one kind of substance comprising the mind and brain,
-it is neither just physical or mental,
-mind and body are both composed of that same element

22
Q

dualism states…
2 dualist philosophers are…

A

the mind and the body exist separately / they consist of different substances or properties

ex: Plato (the mind is based on an immortal soul that is more ‘real’ than the physical world.)

ex: René Descartes, the mind and body form two different substance but they interact with one another

23
Q

pragmatic materialism

A

intelligent behavior can be understood by the workings of the physical brain,

Our inner consciousness (“the feeling of red”) might not be though.

24
Q

structuralism is

A

founded by Wilhelm Wundt 1876
aimed to break down the complex processes of the brain into its smaller “fundamental elements” via introspection.

25
Q

introspection is

A

the structuralist technique that trained people to examine their own conscious experiences in terms of fundamental “elements” of consciousness

26
Q

What are 3 challenges to structuralism?

A
  1. Subjective, non-measurable data
  2. Lack of possibility for replication
  3. Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness
27
Q

what are 3 examples of perception without awareness?

A

Much of our brain activity takes place outside of our awareness, Ex:
-implicit use of grammar
-Cortical Blindness & Blindsight
-binocular rivalry

28
Q

cortical blindness & blindsight

A

direct line from eyes to occipital lobe, damage can cause line to be broken, if it is broken “later in the chain” they have unconsciousness vision

ex: blind man moved around objects in his path without seeing them

29
Q

binocular rivalry

A
  • We have binocular rivalry with our eyes all the time because our eyes are in different locations on our head
  • study: blue & red glasses, Consciously they see one image but unconsciously they can see both and use information about both
    o This is a problem with structuralism because the study above is being done unconsciously
30
Q

Behaviorism was founded by… in the …

A

John Watson… early 1900’s

31
Q

Behaviorism held that…

A

in order to become a true science, psychology needed to abandon discussion of internal mental states in favor of objectively observable data.

ex: He replaced talk about “mental images,” and “memory” with the framework of stimulus and response

32
Q

in psych a stimulus is

A

anything used in an experiment to stimulate the participant’s senses

33
Q

in psych a response is

A

the behavior that the experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.

34
Q

describe the black box concept

A

behaviorists were only interested in research based on stimulus & response because they can be objectively observed and measured. This approach ignores how the subject generates the response from the stimulus and instead treats the intervening processes (e.g., the brain) as a “black box” whose workings cannot be investigated. This reflected the lack of understanding at the time of how the brain functioned.

35
Q

Watson derived some of the basic ideas for behaviorism from experiments performed by

A

Ivan Pavlov (a physiologist)

36
Q

Pavlov discovered a process now called

A

classical conditioning

37
Q

In classical conditioning…

A

an involuntary behavior is induced by a stimulus that wouldn’t normally cause such a reaction (salivation at bell ring), because that stimulus was previously paired with a different stimulus that naturally does cause that reaction (salivation at food) Note: involuntary behavior

38
Q

3 stages of classical conditioning

A
  1. Before conditioning:
    unconditioned stimulus –> unconditioned response /
    neutral stimulus —> no conditioned response
  2. during conditioning: UCS + NS –> UCR
  3. after conditioning: CS (previously NS) –>
    CR (previously UCR to UCS)
39
Q

did behaviorists believe more in nature or nurture?

A

nurture (learning / classical conditioning)

40
Q

operant conditioning is…

A

conditioning that encourages certain behaviors based on rewards or punishments (voluntary behavior)

41
Q

operant conditioning was devised by… using the…

A

BF Skinner… skinner box

Cognitive Psych COPY (back up) (1 decks)

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