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experimental design psychology > Test 1 CH 1-4 > Flashcards

Test 1 CH 1-4 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

tradition vs tenacity

A

it is true because it has always been true.

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2
Q

intuition

A

it is true because i feel it is

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3
Q

authority

A

it is true because an expert said it is true

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4
Q

reasoning

A

it is true because i have logically derived it to be true. thinking with reason

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5
Q

empiricism

A

it is true because i have experienced it to be true

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6
Q

science

A

a way of acquiring knowledge through the continual interaction of empiricism and reasoning.

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7
Q

what does the science of psychology give us?

A

it provides the theory

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8
Q

what does the art of psychology give us?

A

it applies the theory in skillful ways to help others.

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9
Q

n of one fallacy

A

drawing conclusions/generalization from anecdotal evidence

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10
Q

objectives of science*

A

describe-(subject matter)
explain(trends)
predict (predict from explanation)
control (control and apply)

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11
Q

5 tenets of science

A 
determinism
empiricism
replicability 
falsifiability
parsimony
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12
Q

determinism

A

natural cause

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13
Q

empiricism

A

reliance on real evidence to confirm or refute claims

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14
Q

replicability

A

must be able to be repeated

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15
Q

falsifiability

A

hypothesis and theories must be able to be falsified through empirical research.

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16
Q

parsimony

A

simple explanation for a phenomena

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17
Q

steps in the scientific method

A
  1. assume a natural cause
  2. make an educated guess
  3. test guess
  4. revise hypothesis
  5. re-test guess
  6. make a conclusion
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18
Q

theory

A

a statement of how concepts are created

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19
Q

concepts

A

the general category of ideas that are represented by our variables

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20
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction of how concepts are related that is often deduced from a theory.

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21
Q

approaches to research

A 
descriptive vs explanatory 
quantitative vs qualitative 
basic vs applied
cross-sectional vs longitudinal 
field vs lab
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22
Q

basic research

A

researcher wants to answer a question simply to satisfy own curiosity

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23
Q

applied research

A

the researcher is looking to apply the knowledge to somehow benefit humankind

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24
Q

cross-sectional

A

different ages at one time

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25
longitudinal
same age over a hundred years
26
difference between field and lab
field allows more natural setting | lab allows better control over variable.
27
Layout of a peer review*
``` abstract (summary) intro (hypothesis incl.) method (how?) results (#'s, mean, tests) discussion (what now?) ```
28
what is the process of peer review?
the editor of a journal sends submitted manuscripts out to be reviewed by other researchers in the field.
29
what is the process of reviewed blind
the reviewers do not know the author.
30
abstract section
complete summary
31
introduction section
background of the research
32
independent variable
manipulated
33
dependent variable
what they measured
34
moderating variables
influence the relationship between IV and DV
35
mediating variable
had an influence on the results. intervenes on the IV and DV
36
method section
details on exactly how the variables were measured. controlled.
37
participant/subject
humans and animals that were used in the experiment
38
material/apparatus
details about the equipment that was used.
39
procedure
chronological sequence of what happened to the participants
40
results section
statistical information about whether or not the data supported the research hypotheses
41
descriptive statistics
includes measures of central tendencies, variability, and the strength of the relationship.
42
pearson-product momentum correlation
describes how strongly variables are related to one another. (symb is "r")
43
inferential statistics
used to generalize the findings of a study
44
common test of significance
used in hypothesis testing to determine whether results are statistically significant
45
effect size
provides some indication of the strength of the effct
46
discussion section
how the results fit into the literature, includes suggestion for future research.
47
statistical research
state the expected relationship between or among summary values of a population called parameters.
48
null hypothesis
used for inferential statistics, states that there is no statistical difference between two things
49
alternate hypothesis
the outset of the study. can use when null is rejected
50
steps in hypothesis testing*
state null and alternate collect data and analyze reject null/accept alt. or fail to reject null state conclusion
51
type 1 error
(Lie) reject a true null, alpha, false positive
52
type 2 error
(missed something) false null is failed to be rejected, beta, false negative.
53
power
our ability to reject a false null
54
external validity
when findings of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings.
55
internal validity
the validity of the measures within a study. | directly related to the researchers control.
56
extraneous
variable that may effect the outcome of the study but was not manipulated.
57
confounding variable
a variable that is systematically related to the independent and dependent variable
58
spurius effect
an outcome that was influenced by a third unrelated variable.
59
controlled variable
a variable that the researcher takes into account when designing a research study or experiment.
60
nuisance variable
contribute variances to our dependent measures and clouds the results
61
elimination
get rid of extraneous variables
62
constancy
keep things constant
63
secondary variables as an IV
make variable a secondary when you cant change them
64
randomization
random assignment of a participant group. so groups are initially equivalent
65
repeated measures
use the same participants in all conditions
66
statistical control
treat the extraneous variables as a covariable and use statistical procedures to remove it from analysis
67
what is the difference between general principles and ethical principles.
general principles are aspirational in nature, their intent is to guide and inspire researchers to the highest ethical standards. Ethical standards are rules that must be followed.
68
5 general principles that guide psychologists
``` benefience & nonmaleficence fidelity & responsibility integrity justice respect for people's right and dignity ```

experimental design psychology (3 decks)

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