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NUR 326: Pharm > Test 1: Ch. 1-5, 16 > Flashcards

Test 1: Ch. 1-5, 16 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

Biotechnology

A

Process that may involve manipulating DNA and RNA and recombining genes into hybrid molecules that can be inserted into living organisms (often Escherichia coli bacteria) and repeatedly reproduced

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2
Q

Brand (trade) name

A

Manufacturer’s chosen name for a drug, which is protected by a patent
- More expensive
- Tylenol

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3
Q

Controlled substances

A

Drugs that are categorized by federal law according to therapeutic usefulness and potential for abuse - also known as scheduled drugs

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4
Q

Drug classifications

A

Groups of medications that are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics

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5
Q

Generic name

A

Chemical or official name of the drug that is independent of the manufacturer and often indicates the drug group
- Cheaper and more available option
- acetaminophen

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6
Q

Over the counter (OTC) drugs

A

Medications available for purchase without a prescription

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7
Q

Pharmacoeconomics

A

Costs of drug therapy, including costs of purchasing, dispensing, storage, administration, and laboratory and other tests used to monitor patient responses - also considers losses due to expiration

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8
Q

Pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics

A

Study of how a person’s genetic heritage leads to variable responses to drugs - more generally refers to genetic polymorphisms that occur in a patient population, such as an ethnic group, as opposed to an individual person

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9
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

Use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes

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10
Q

Placebo

A

Inert substance containing no medication and given to reinforce a person’s expectation to improve

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11
Q

Prescription drugs

A

Medications that are ordered in writing by a licensed health care provider

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12
Q

Prototype

A

Often the first drug of a particular drug class to be developed - usually the first standard against which newer, similar drugs are compared

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13
Q

Absorption

A

Process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated

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14
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that produces effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances

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15
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites

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16
Q

Antidote

A

Substance that relieves, prevents, or counteracts the effect of a poison

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17
Q

Bioavailability

A

Portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

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18
Q

Biotransformation

A
  • When drugs are altered from their original into a new form by the body
  • Referred to as metabolism
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19
Q

Distribution

A
  • Transport of drug molecules within the body
  • After a drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
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20
Q

Enterohepatic recirculation

A

Drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and eventually excreted in urine

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21
Q

Enzyme induction

A
  • Production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver cells
  • Process accelerates drug metabolism because larger amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time
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22
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

Process in which a molecule binds to enzymes and inhibits their activity

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23
Q

Excretion

A
  • Elimination of a drug from the body
  • Effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of the organs of excretion (kidneys, bowel, lungs, and skin)
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24
Q

First-pass effect

A

Initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of action

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25
Hypersensitivity
Immune-mediated reaction to a drug
26
Loading dose
- Dose larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a medication - Used to attain a therapeutic blood level
27
Maintenance dose
Quantity of drug that is needed to keep blood levels and/or tissue levels at a steady state or constant level
28
Nephrotoxicity
- Toxic or damaging effect of a substance on the kidney - Potentially serious because renal damage interferes with drug excretion, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects
29
Pharmacodynamics
- Reactions between living systems and drugs - Drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions
30
Pharmacokinetics
Drug movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
31
Polymorphism
The occurrence of two or more clearly different forms (or phenotypes) in a species important in drug therapy because it explains the functionally different response to drugs in a general patient population or a specific individual
32
Prodrugs
Initially inactive drugs that exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized
33
Serum drug level
Laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time
34
Serum half-life
Time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50% - Also called elimination half-life
35
Assessment
Collection of patient data that affects drug therapy
36
Controlled-release
Oral tablet or capsule formulations that maintain consistent serum drug levels
37
Dosage form
Form where drugs are manufactured - Includes elixirs, tablets, capsules, suppositories, parenteral drugs, and transdermal systems
38
Enteric-coated
Coating of a tablet or capsule that makes it insoluble in stomach acid
39
Evaluation
Determining a patient's status in relation to stated goals and expected outcomes
40
Evidence-based practice
Scientific evidence that yields the best practice in patient care
41
Interventions
Planned nursing activities performed on a patient's behalf, including assessment, promotion of adherence to drug therapy, and solving problems related to drug therapy
42
Medication history
List of prescription medications, OTC medications, herbal supplements, or illegal substances taken by the patient (both current and past)
43
Nursing diagnosis
Description of patient problems based on assessment data
44
Nursing process
Systematic way of gathering and using information to plan and provide individualized patient care
45
Parenteral
Injected administration - Subcutaneous - Intramuscular - Intravenous
46
Planning/goals
Expected outcomes of prescribed drug therapy
47
Rights of medication administration
- Right drug - Right dose - Right patient - Right assessment - Right route - Right time - Right reason - Right documentation - Right patient education - Right evaluation - Right to refuse
48
Topical
Application of drugs to skin or mucous membranes - Solutions - Ointments - Creams - Suppositories
49
Transdermal
Absorption of drugs through the skin - Skin patches
50
Blood-brain barrier
Barrier in the central nervous system composed of capillaries with tight bonds, which acts to prevent the passage of most ions and large molecular weight compounds, including some drugs, from the blood to the brain
51
Body surface area
Surface of a human body expressed in square meters
52
Child(ren)
Person(s) between birth and 18 years of age
53
Total body water
Amount of water within the body (both intracellular and extracellular)
54
Adult
Person who ranges in age from 19-64 years
55
Age-related changes
Physiologic events due to increasing age, which affect drug responses
56
Older adult
Person who is 65 years of age or older
57
Polypharmacy
Use of several drugs during the same period
58
Risk-to-benefit ratio
Poor outcome (adverse effects of medications) in relation to good outcome (desired medication effects) - Increases with increasing age
59
Antiprostoglandin
Drug that inhibits the synthesis of prostoglandins
60
Antipyretic
Drug that has the ability to lower body temperature
61
Arachidonic acid
Phospholipid released in the cell membrane in response to cellular injury
62
Cyclooxygenase
Enzyme that produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acids
63
Hyperuricemia
Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood resulting from accelerated generation of uric acid through purine metabolism or impaired renal excretion of uric acid
64
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
- Medication that inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins - Used to prevent and treat mild to moderate pain and inflammation
65
Prostaglandin
- Chemical mediator found in most body tissues - Helps regulate many cell functions and participate in the inflammatory response as well as initiate uterine contractions in labor
66
Pyrogen
Fever-producing agent
67
Reye's syndrome
- Potentially fatal disease characterized by encephalopathy and fatty liver accumulations - Associated with the use of aspirin and NSAIDs after viral infections such as chickenpox or influenza in children and adolescents
68
Salicylism
- Toxic effects of a salicylate drug - May occur with an acute overdose or with chronic use of therapeutic doses, especially the higher doses taken for anti-inflammatory effects
69
Tophi
Deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, kidneys, and soft tissues
70
Uricosuric
Drug that increases urinary excretion of uric acid
71
Pharmacology
Study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
72
Drug therapy
Use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes - Vaccines
73
Local effects of medications
Act mainly at the site of application - Lotions & potions
74
Systemic effects of medications
Taken into the body, circulated via the bloodstream to sites of action, and eventually eliminated from the body
75
Synthetic compounds
Chemical compounds produced in a lab that are more standardized in their chemical characteristics, more consistent in their effects, and less likely to produce allergic reactions
76
Title II: Controlled Substances Act
Regulates manufacturing and distribution of: - Narcotics, depressants - Stimulants, hallucinogens - Anabolic steroids
77
Schedule I controlled substances
- No medical use - Increased addiction - Heroin, cannabis
78
Schedule II controlled substances
- Medical use - High addiction - Opiods
79
Schedule III controlled substances
- Medical use - Less addiction - Androgens/steroids (codeine)
80
Schedule IV controlled substances
- Accepted medical use - Some potential for abuse - Benzodiazepines
81
Schedule V controlled substances
- Contain moderate amounts. of controlled substances - OTC
82
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- Enforces Controlled Substances Act - Registers individuals and companies legally empowered to handle controlled substances - Regulates documentation and handling of controlled substances
83
Phase 0 of testing
Small group of animals and humans
84
Phase 1 of testing
Given to healthy people - Dose, route, side effects, absorption, etc.
85
Phase 2 of testing
Introduce people with the actual disease to see how they react
86
Phase 3 of testing
Double blind experiment with a placebo - See if it's really working and if benefits outweigh the risks
87
Phase 4 of testing
Wait to get FDA approved and then marketing begins
88
High alert medications
Insulin & heparin - Can vary based on hospital policy
89
Beer's Criteria
List of medications that should be avoided in older adults and specifically those with certain diseases
90
Unit dose system
Drugs dispensed in single dose containers - Blisters
91
Medication reconciliation
Prevents errors when patients are admitted to a health care facility, transferred from one department/unit to another within the facility, or discharged home from the facility - review of all medications - Rx, vitamins, OTC, herbal
92
What do medication orders need to include
- Patient's full name - Name of the medication (brand, generic) - Dose, route, frequency of administration - Date, time, signature of the prescriber
93
What do systemic medications come in
- Liquids - Tablets, capsules - Suppositories, transdermals - Injections
94
Common SubQ injection sites
- Upper arms - Abdomen - Back (above scapula) - Thighs
95
Common IM injection sites
- Ventrogluteal - Deltoid - Vastus lateralis muscles
96
Common IV injection sites
- Back of hands - Forearms
97
Metabolic process
The method where drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body - Inactive metabolites - Active metabolites - Prodrugs
98
Toxic concentration
Excessive level of medication in the bloodstream caused by: - Single large dose - Repeated small doses - Slow metabolism of medication
99
Antacids
Decrease the production of acid - neutralize HCl (stomach acid)
100
When do age-related changes begin
In the adult years (19-64)
101
Additive effects
When 2 drugs with similar actions are taken - Ethanol + sedative = increased sedative effects
102
Synergism
When 2 drugs with different actions produce greater effects when taken together
103
Interference
Interference by one drug with the metabolism with a second drug can intensify effects of second drug
104
Displacement
A drug with a strong attraction to protein-binding sites may displace a less tightly bound drug
105
Decreased intestinal absorption of drugs
When drugs combine to produce non absorbable compounds
106
Increased metabolism rate of drugs
Increase the metabolism rate of any drug metabolized mainly by that group of enzymes which decreases the drug's effects
107
Pediatric Rule (1994)
Pharmaceutical industry must submit all known data about the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of medications used for children
108
FDA Safety and Innovation Act (2012)
Overview of laws and regulations and an assessment of the pediatric program and suggestions for improving pediatric research

NUR 326: Pharm (1 decks)

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