test 1 chapt 1 to 6

Question 1

first thee priorities of a company when an accident occurs

Answer 1

Provide emergency response

protect the employees involved from further harm

determine what happened to prevent from happening again

Question 2

The length of time needed to investigate an accident depends on what?

Answer 2

The complexity of the accident,

not the severity of the accident is what determines the length of the investigation.

Question 3

definition of

Accident

Answer 3

the occurrence in a sequence of events that produces unintended injury, death, or property damage

Question 4

incident - definition

Answer 4

An unintentional event that may cause personal harm or other damage

Question 5

definition of

near miss -

Answer 5

near miss - An occurrence in a sequence of events that had the potential to produce injury, death, or property damage but did not.

Question 6

accident investigation -

Answer 6

A structured process of uncovering the sequence of events that produced or had the potential to produce injury, death, or property damage to determine the causal factors and corrective actions.

Question 7

causal factors -

Answer 7

Events and circumstances that produced the accident.
Causal factors incorporate “root causes,” “basic causes,” “immediate causes,” lower level causes, upper level causes, and management causes. When discovering causal factors, it is important to analyze all causes at all levels.

Question 8

corrective actions -

Answer 8

The actions taken to prevent recurrence of the accident.

Corrective actions are the “fixes” to prevent future accidents. These fixes should be performed at the appropriate level.

Question 9

Three goals of an accident investigation

*

Answer 9

1. Determine the accident sequence without placing blame
2. Recommend Corrective Actions
3. Update the overall safety Program

Question 10

Know and label the accident ratio diagram per Bird and Germain

Answer 10

serious or major injury		1
minor injury				10
property damage accidents	30
Incidents 					600
 (no visible injury or damage)
   (near miss/close call)

Question 11

Know and label the accident ratio diagram per Bird and Germain

Answer 11

serious or major injury						1
minor injury						  10
property damage accidents			   30
incidents with no visible injury or damage 600
	(near miss & close calls)

Question 12

How Heinrich’s Domino theory works

Answer 12

The first domino starts the accident sequence.
An accident occurs by comparing the events leading up to it to a set of dominoes.
The first domino (event) sets the stage and starts the accident sequence. When it falls, it pushes the next, and that pushes the next, until the last domino (accident or injury) is toppled
there are 5 actions that comprise the sequence
*ancestry & social environment
*fault or person
*unsafe act
*unsafe condition

Question 13

The 5 actions that comprise the sequence to Heinrich’s domino theory -

Answer 13

1. ancestry & social environment
2. fault or person
3. unsafe act
4. unsafe condition
5. Injury

Question 14

7. What are the two most important factors in determing the causes and corrective actions for accidents

Answer 14

Unsafe Acts

Unsafe Conditions

Question 15

8. Three factors that influence the outcome of an event used in Haddon’s matrix theory

Answer 15

1. human factors
2. equipment factors
3. environmental factors

Question 16

Haddon’s also has three distinct phases -

Answer 16

pre-injury, injury, post-injury

see chart p 29 - draw in here

Question 17

Three phases of accident investigation

Answer 17

The investigative phase -
the analytical phase
the recommendation phase

Question 18

Three phases of accident investigation - and their definitions

Answer 18

investigative - gain knowledge, discover facts, interview, document
analytical - analyze knowledge?What happened?
Recommendation - Develop corrective actions - how can it be prevented

Question 19

Know what starts the analytical phase of accident investigation

Answer 19

Once the accident sequence is determined the analytical techniques are used to determine the causal factors and corrective actions

Question 20

Know what is problem with using the root cause concept

Answer 20

One problem with using the root cause concept is that the term “root cause” has many meanings among safety professionals.
conflicting definitions:these various definitions reduce the effectiveness of the term “root cause”

Question 21

Main focus of an accident investigation

Answer 21

Fixing a problem or problems is the main focus of accident investigation.

Question 22

Four components of an accident investigation program - 4 components

Answer 22

1formal written accident investigation policy
2 training in emergency response
3 training in accident investigation
4 an accident investigation kit

Question 23

14. What 2 actions emergency response personnel should take first

Answer 23

1. SECURE THE SCENE -

2. PROVIDE CARE TO THE INJURED

Question 24

10 items that should be included in an accident investigation kit

Answer 24

tools
personal protective equipment
cameras
tape measures
gloves
lights
security tape
tweezers
evidence bags

*** chart p 46
INVESTIGATIVE TOOLS ADMINISTRATIVE/RECORDING TOOLS
barricade tape camera
cones graph paper
tape measure witness statement forms
flashlights/spotlights notepad and clipboard
evidence tags analytical technique forms
evidence bags copy of the accident investigation policy
tweezers
gloves (latex & work)
PPE
binoculars

Question 25

16. Name 4 types of evidence

Answer 25

Physical Evidence Paper Evidence People Evidence Photographic Evidence Physical Evidence - Hardware and solid material related to the accident Paper Evidence - Any type of written documentation related to the accident People Evidence - The evidence that is gathered from people, usually in the form of statements or interviews Photographic or picture evidence - media that can document the scene and transfer knowledge

Question 26

17. Know which type of evidence is least likely to be damaged in an accident

Answer 26

"Paper evidence is the least likely of the "four P's" to be damaged or contaminated"

Question 27

18. Know when witnesses should be interviewed

Answer 27

witnesses should be interviewed as soon as possible after the accident, but for the injured individual medical care should take precedence over interviews

Question 28

19. Know how long you should collect evidence

Answer 28

In most accident investigations evidence collection continues until the accident sequence is determined. Evidence collection should continue until you have enough information to document the accident sequence, determine causal factors and develop corrective actions.

Question 29

20. 3 categories that physical evidence is broken into

Answer 29

visual testing placement or puzzle evidence * visual evidence includes information that can be gathered by looking at the scene * testing evidence must be analyzed in a laboratory * placement or puzzle evidence that has broken into pieces(exploded) and must be reassembled to determine how accident occurred

Question 30

21. Factors are important when taking photos of accident evidence

Answer 30

*take pictures as soon as possible include a reference guide ie ruler *keep a picture log - coordinate angles and directions in picture log start taking pictures at a distance *take pictures of smoke (black petroleum, white organics) *take enough photographs so that a person who has not seen accident site can understand accident sequence p 54 a few good photographs are better than many ad photographs take photos of scene before ou move anything better - videotape are before, during and after moving an object photograph anything that will be removed or will disappear eventually p55 photo tips *take big picture photos - shows environment/relationships/distances between people and equipment *include a reference object in picture if purpose is to show relationships ie ruler or person *keep a photo log to ID pictures and note their purpose (photo#,object or purpose of photo, location picture was taken from, direction of the shot and time picture was taken *get up high if possible

Question 31

What analytical process is ?

Answer 31

"An accident investigation is the process of breaking down information into pieces until the investigator understands what happened; then he or she can analyze the pieces to determine ways to prevent the accident from recurring. definition of analytical p describes the systematic thought process of breaking down information

Question 32

What is goal of causal analysis?

Answer 32

to find all of the causes including the systemic causes - not just the immediate or superficial causes.

Question 33

5 why technique is?

Answer 33

ASKING "WHY" five times to get to the root of a problem.

Question 34

What type of causal factors exist at the | worker or equipment level

Answer 34

``` EQUIPMENT FAILURES INADEQUATE TRAINING INEXPERIENCE HUMAN ERROR work performed, equipment operates ```

Question 35

What type of causal factors exist at the | supervisor level -

Answer 35

``` INADEQUATE HANDLING OF: *JOB SAFETY ANALYSES *COMMUNICATION *SCHEDULING LACK OF PROPER SUPERVISION supervisor level - describe how work is to be done ```

Question 36

What type of causal factors exist at the | management level -

Answer 36

BUDGET ISSUES COMMUNICATION POLICIES/PROCEDURES management level - dictates policies and procedure

Question 37

What type of causal factors exist at the corporate level -

Answer 37

PROBLEMS FOUND & CORRECTED AT THIS LEVEL PREVENTS ACCIDENTS | corporate level - dictates culture, philosophy and style of company

Question 38

Know what hazard is -

Answer 38

HAZARD - A hazard is something that has the potential to cause injury, and hazards are correctable.

Question 39

Know what failure is

Answer 39

FAILURE - A failure is something that goes wrong with personnel, equipment, or the environment. A failure may or may not have the potential to cause injury (if it does it is also considered a hazard). Failures are usually caused by faulty design, a defect, inadequate maintenance, limits that were exceeded or environmental effects.

Question 40

Three phases of accident investigation

Answer 40

Investigative Analytical Recommendtion