Test 1 (Chp 1-4)

Question 1

Classical Viewpoint: Scientific Management

Answer 1

Emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers.

Question 2

Scientific Management was important because….

Answer 2

Labor was in short supply in the 20th century

Question 3

Classical Viewpoint: Administrative Management

Answer 3

Concerned with managing the total organization

Question 4

Administrative Management is focused on…

Answer 4

The jobs of individuals. Focused on planning, organizing, leading and controlling of management

Question 5

Behavioral Viewpoint: Hawthorne Studies

Answer 5

Theory that employees worked harder if they received added attention

Question 6

Behavioral Viewpoint: Theory X & Y

Answer 6

Helps managers avoid falling into the trap of the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 7

Management Science Viewpoint

Answer 7

Focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making

Question 8

Operations Management Viewpoint

Answer 8

Focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization’s products or services more effectively

Question 9

Systems Viewpoint

Answer 9

Regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts

Question 10

Systems Viewpoint: Four Parts of a System

Answer 10

1. Inputs
2. Outputs
3. Transformation Processes
4. Feedback

Question 11

Contingency Viewpoint

Answer 11

Emphasizes that a manager’s approach should vary according to - that is, be contingent on - the individual and the environmental situation

Question 12

Quality Management Viewpoint

Answer 12

Which includes quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management

Question 13

Stakeholders

Answer 13

The people whose interests are affected by an organization’s activities

Question 14

External Stakeholders

Answer 14

The General Environment & The Task Environment

Question 15

Internal Stakeholders

Answer 15

Employees, Owners, Board of Directors

Question 16

Ethics

Answer 16

The standards of right and wrong that influence behavior

Question 17

Value System

Answer 17

Relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person’s behavior

Question 18

What are the three levels of Ethical Development?

Answer 18

Level 1 - Pre-conventional
Level 2 - Conventional
Level 3 - Post-conventional

Question 19

Pre-conventional Ethical Development

Answer 19

Follow the rules

Question 20

Conventional Ethical Development

Answer 20

Follows the expectations of others

Question 21

Post-conventional Ethical Development

Answer 21

Guided by internal values

Question 22

Diversity

Answer 22

Represents all the ways people are unlike and alike

Question 23

Four parts to an effective ethics program in organizations:

Answer 23

1. Creating a strong ethical climate
2. Screening prospective employees
3. Instituting ethics codes & training programs
4. Rewarding ethical behavior: Protecting the whistle blowers

Question 24

Internal dimensions of diversity

Answer 24

Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives

Question 25

External dimensions of diversity

Answer 25

An element of choice; they consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard or modify throughout their lives

Question 26

Globalization

Answer 26

The trend of the world economy toward becoming a more interdependent system

Question 27

Ethnocentric Mangers

Answer 27

Believe that their native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to all others

Question 28

Polycentric Managers

Answer 28

Take the view that native managers in the foreign offices best understand native personnel and practices, and so the home office should leave them alone

Question 29

Geocentric Managers

Answer 29

Accepts that there are differences and similarities between home and foreign personnel and practices and that they should use whatever techniques are most effective

Question 30

Who do companies expand internationally?

Answer 30

The availability of supplies, new market opportunities, lower labor costs, access to financial capital, avoidance of tariffs and import quotas

Question 31

Culture

Answer 31

The shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people

Question 32

Indiviualism

Answer 32

Indicates a preference for a loosely knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves

Question 33

Collectivism

Answer 33

Indicates a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which people and organizations are expected to look after each other

Question 34

Power Distance

Answer 34

Refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in social situations

Question 35

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 35

People's intolerance for uncertainty and risk

Question 36

Masculinity

Answer 36

Expresses how much people value performance-orientated masculine traits, such as achievement, assertiveness, and material success

Question 37

What are Hofstede's Model of Four Cultural Dimensions?

Answer 37

Individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity