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BIOL1046 Human Biology II > Test 1 Connect Review Assignment > Flashcards

Test 1 Connect Review Assignment Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules that contain both non polar and polar components are called _________ molecules.

A

amphipathic

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2
Q

Intermolecular attractions that form between non polar substances in water are called _________ interactions.

A

hydrophobic

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3
Q

Form adipose tissue and provide energy _________.

A

triglycerides

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4
Q

Main component of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Include hormones, cholesterol, and bile salts

A

Steroids

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6
Q

Regulation of inflammation and aid in nervous system communication

A

Eicosanoids

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7
Q

Radioisotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of

A

neutrons

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8
Q

A polar covalent bond is created when

A

atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.

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9
Q

What does pH measure?

A

The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution.

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10
Q

All organic compounds contain _________, hydrogen, and usually oxygen.

A

carbon

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11
Q

Lipids

A

are a major component of the cell membrane.

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12
Q

Lingual lipase is an enzyme with an optimum pH around 5. This is _________ than the optimum pH of most enzymes in the body.

A

lower

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13
Q

The _________ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body.

A

biological

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14
Q

Which of the following is an organic molecule?
a) NaOH
b) HCl
c) O2
d) C6H12O6

A

d) C6H12O6

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15
Q

Blood plasma contains water mixed with proteins. Therefore, it is considered a

A

colloid

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16
Q

What will neutralize a solution containing water and hydrochloric acid?

A

a base

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue can break down glycogen, a carbohydrate polymer, into its individual monomers to be used for energy. What are the monomers produced?

A

glucose molecules

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18
Q

Water and a nonpolar substance will need to be forcibly mixed. This best describes a(n)

A

emulsion.

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19
Q

The following is a dehydration synthesis reaction. Which of the following correctly fills in the missing molecules?

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 →
_________ + _________
a) H2O + C12H22O11
b) C12H12 + H12O12
c) H2O + C12H24O12
d) C6H12O6 + C12H22O11

A

a) H2O + C12H22O11

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20
Q

Mixing water and oil together is an example of a(n)

A

emulsion.

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21
Q

Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a

A

solution.

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22
Q

True or False: Water is the universal solvent in biological systems.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False: Water bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support.

A

True

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24
Q

True or False: The high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates.

A

False

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25
Q

True or False: Water plays a major role in our bodies’ chemical reactions.

A

True

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26
Q

True or False: Catabolism consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions. Such reactions break covalent bonds, produce smaller molecules from larger ones, and release energy that can be used for other physiological work.

A

True

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27
Q

True or False: If a molecule has the suffix –ase, it is likely an enzyme.

A

True

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28
Q

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

A

Hydrophobic portions

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29
Q

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of

A

secondary structure of protein.

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30
Q

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

A

peptide bonds

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31
Q

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

A

The protein is denatured.

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32
Q

In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?

A

Thymine

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33
Q

True or False: Cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds with each other.

A

True

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34
Q

Enzymes are

A

proteins.

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35
Q

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
a) Substrate
b) Water
c) None of these choices are correct.
d) Product
e) Any other enzyme

A

Substrate

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36
Q

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
E = enzyme
S = substrate
P = product
a) E + P -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S
b) S + P -> E-P -> E + P
c) E + S -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S
d) E + P -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
e) E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

A

e) E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

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37
Q

True or False: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.

A

False

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38
Q

True or False: An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.

A

False

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39
Q

Parathyroid hormone is released from the _________ glands.

A

parathyroid

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40
Q

The largest of the three coxal bones is the _________.

A

ilium

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41
Q

Based on their shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as _________ bones.

A

short

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42
Q

The type of cartilage growth in which stem cells at the internal edge of the perichondrium divide, differentiate into chondrocytes, and create new cartilage at the periphery is called _________ growth.

A

appositional

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43
Q

The xiphoid process is part of the _________.

A

sternum

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44
Q

Symphyses are slightly mobile joints where the articulating bones contain a pad of _________ between them.

A

fibrocartilage

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45
Q

A place where a bone contacts another bone is called a joint or a(n) _________.

A

articulation

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46
Q

During the healing of a bone fracture, the procallus forms dense regular connective tissue and becomes a _________ callus, which lasts for at least three weeks.

A

fibrocartilaginous

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47
Q

Synostoses replaced by synchondroses

A

Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood

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48
Q

Syndesmoses replaced by synostoses

A

Inability to pronate, or supinate

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49
Q

Ball-and-socket replaced by hinge

A

Inability to circumduct

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50
Q

Symphyses replaced by synostoses

A

Decreased mobility of vertebral column

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51
Q

Sutures replaced by plane joints

A

Decrease in nervous system protection

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52
Q

Gomphoses replaced by pivot

A

Decreased tooth stability and resilience

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53
Q

Synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses

A

Increase in respiratory difficulty

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54
Q

Calcitonin

A

Encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone

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55
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and increase blood calcium

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56
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Influences the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

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57
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Contains bone marrow
Hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis

58
Q

Metaphysis

A

Region between diaphysis and epiphysis
Contains the growth plate

59
Q

Endosteum

A

Layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone

60
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone

61
Q

Indicate whether each bone is a long, short, irregular, or flat bone.
Scapula

A

Flat bone

62
Q

Indicate whether each bone is a long, short, irregular, or flat bone.
Carpal bone

A

short bone

63
Q

Indicate whether each bone is a long, short, irregular, or flat bone.
Femur

A

Long bone

64
Q

Indicate whether each bone is a long, short, irregular, or flat bone.
Vertebrae

A

Irregular bone

65
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Ossification that develops from mesenchyme

66
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Begins with a hyaline cartilage model

67
Q

_________ is(are) found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.

A

Central canals

68
Q

A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what?

A

Condyle

69
Q

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the

A

epiphysis

70
Q

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called _________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells, they become _________ that are trapped in lacunae.

A

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

71
Q

If you look at the cross section of a long bone under a microscope, the rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone are called

A

external circumferential lamellae.

72
Q

What suture is the articulation between the frontal and parietal bones?

A

Coronal

73
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.

74
Q

Based on their shape, the most common type of bone is the _________ bone.

A

long

75
Q

The _________ part of each limb forms first.

A

proximal

76
Q

Articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of

A

hyaline cartilage

77
Q

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the

A

radius of forearm.

78
Q

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

A

medullary cavity.

79
Q

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the

A

central canal

80
Q

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the

A

thoracic and sacral curvatures.

81
Q

The axial skeleton includes the

A

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

82
Q

Bone cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are

A

osteocytes

83
Q

Indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases

84
Q

Indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin

A

Decreases

85
Q

Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except

A

sodium ion regulation in the body.

86
Q

Bone-producing cells are

A

osteoblasts.

87
Q

Compact bone contains concentric, interstitial, and circumferential

A

lamellae.

88
Q

The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel is called a(n)

A

osteon.

89
Q

Put the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order.
Bone replaces cartilage except at the epiphyseal plates.
Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms.
The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops.
The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis.

A

The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops.
Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms.
The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis.
Bone replaces cartilage except at the epiphyseal plates.

90
Q

Put the steps of bone repair in the correct order.
Woven bone is replaced by compact bone.
A localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed.
Fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone.
When the bone is fractured, damage occurs to blood vessels and the periosteum.
An internal callus forms between the ends of the bones and an external callus forms a collar around the break.

A

When the bone is fractured, damage occurs to blood vessels and the periosteum.
A localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed.
An internal callus forms between the ends of the bones and an external callus forms a collar around the break.
Fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone.
Woven bone is replaced by compact bone.

91
Q

True or False: Compact bone is found on the internal surfaces of spongy bone, often lining the marrow cavities.

A

False

92
Q

True or False: If you are not getting adequate calcium in your diet, calcitonin will be secreted, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and thereby increases calcium levels in the blood.

A

False

93
Q

True or False: Bone, cartilage, and ligaments all are components of the skeletal system that help with support.

A

True

94
Q

True or False: Bone encloses and protects many of the soft organs of the body such as the heart, brain, and spinal cord.

A

True

95
Q

True or False: Many bones contain yellow bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets.

A

False

96
Q

True or False: Bones act as levers, and contraction of skeletal muscles results in their movement.

A

True

97
Q

True or False: Fontanelles in the infant’s skull permit some bone movement, enabling the infant to pass more easily through the birth canal.

A

True

98
Q

True or False: The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles.

A

True

99
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormone is released in response to elevated blood calcium levels and will help the body return to homeostasis.

A

False

100
Q

True or False: The human skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

A

True

101
Q

True or False: The medullary cavity of a flat bone contains red or yellow bone marrow.

A

False

102
Q

When the anterior surface of the arm is turned toward the body, this is an example of

A

medial rotation.

103
Q

Synovial fluid is found

A

within the synovial cavity.

104
Q

All symphyses are classified as _________, meaning they are slightly mobile.

A

amphiarthrotic

105
Q

When making a fist, the fingers are

A

flexed

106
Q

If the humerus is pivoting on its own longitudinal axis, it is exhibiting

A

rotation

107
Q

Symphyses can be found in the

A

intervertebral joints.

108
Q

In terms of mobility, synchondroses are classified as

A

synarthroses.

109
Q

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a _________ joint.

A

ball-and-socket

110
Q

A gomphosis is functionally classified as a

A

synarthrosis.

111
Q

From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called _________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called _________.

A

abduction; flexion

112
Q

Functions of the integument

A

Protection from the external environment
Prevention of water loss
Temperature regulation
Immune defense

113
Q

What layers of skin are affected by third degree burns?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

114
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids.

115
Q

Sweat glands

A

Consist of eccrine and apocrine glands.

116
Q

In what way do sweat glands do in order to maintain homeostasis?

A

Temperature regulation

117
Q

Reddened skin reflects

A

dilated blood vessels, sending more blood to the dermis.

118
Q

Hair shaft

A

Protrudes above the surface of the skin.

119
Q

Medulla

A

Central axis of the hair.

120
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

Portion of the connective tissue that surrounds the epithelial root sheath.

121
Q

Hair follicle

A

Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths.

122
Q

Hair bulb

A

Expanded knob at the base of the hair root

123
Q

Root

A

The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin.

124
Q

Cortex

A

Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin.

125
Q

Cuticle

A

Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin.

126
Q

Matrix

A

Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair.

127
Q

The oily, waxy secretion called sebum is produced by

A

sebaceous glands.

128
Q

Nails are scalelike modifications of which layer of the integument?

A

Stratum corneum

129
Q

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the

A

stratum basale.

130
Q

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of _________ connective tissue.

A

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

131
Q

Sweat cools the body by

A

evaporation

132
Q

Which is not a function of nails?
a) Assist in grasping objects
b) Prevent damage or extensive distortion during jumping, kicking, or catching
c) Protect the distal tips of the digits
d) Help us to walk properly

A

d) Help us to walk properly

133
Q

Which of the following is not a type of hair?
a) lanugo
b) vellus
c) keratin
d) terminal
e) all these choices are correct

A

c) keratin

134
Q

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called

A

granulation tissue.

135
Q

As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?

A

The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.

136
Q

The skin’s response to severe injuries or burns, when functional activities are not restored, is called

A

fibrosis.

137
Q

True or False: Subcutaneous tissue binds the skin to underlying structures .

A

True

138
Q

True or False: Subcutaneous tissue is part of the integumentary system.

A

False

139
Q

True or False: An alternate name for subcutaneous tissue is the hypodermis.

A

True

140
Q

True or False: The amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue varies with age and diet, and is not influenced by hormones.

A

False

141
Q

True or False: Lines of cleavage partition the skin and indicate the predominant direction of underlying elastic fibers in the dermis.

A

False

142
Q

True or False: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.

A

True

BIOL1046 Human Biology II (14 decks)

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