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HTHSCI 1D06 Sem 1 > Test 1: Encompassing Terms > Flashcards

Test 1: Encompassing Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Extra-cellular matrix

A

ECM = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastin, etc.). Covers connective tissue.

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1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region of thorax between lungs

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2
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Class of connective tissue divided into loose (areolar, reticular, adipose) and dense (regular, irregular, elastic)

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3
Q

Epidermal layers

A

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (optional), corneum

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4
Q

Merkel cells

A

Cells that detect touch sensations, are found in stratum basale

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5
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Cells that perform phagocytosis, are found in stratum spinosum

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6
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper & thicket than epidermis, contains collagen & elastic fibers that support skin (secreted by fibroblasts), divided into papillary and reticular regions.

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7
Q

Phases of deep skin wound healing

A

Inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium or a tendency towards such a state

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9
Q

Potential difference

A

Occurs when there is a separation of electrical charge. There is potential energy due to the difference in distribution of electrical charges.

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10
Q

Sodium ions

A

Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘influx’

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11
Q

Potassium ions

A

Play major role in membrane potential - always trying to ‘efflux’

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12
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

3 sodium ions are pumped out for every 2 potassium ions pumped in, to maintain membrane potential.

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13
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Any homeostatic loop that technically brings the body further from homeostais

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14
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Any homeostatic loop that brings body back to homeostasis

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15
Q

Graded potential

A

Changes in conductance of a sensory receptor cell’s membrane caused by sensory input. Short-lived, can be summed temporally or spatially.

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16
Q

Action potential

A

Occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.

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17
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Brings down membrane potential. Caused by opening of K+ channels causing an efflux of potassium.

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18
Q

Depolarization.

A

Brings up membrane potential. Caused by opening of Na+ channels which allows influx of sodium.

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19
Q

Action potential steps

A

Resting. Depolarization (Na+ open, influx). Repolarizing (Na+ close, K+ open). Hyperpolarization (K+ efflux into cell). Resting.

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20
Q

Refractory period

A

The brief period following the response of a nerve/action potential until it recovers the capacity to make another response.

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21
Q

Electromyography

A

Method of measuring electrical activity in muscles.

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22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

A faster way to depolarize the axon, by using Nodes of Ranvier (space between myelin sheaths)

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A substance that transmits signals across a synapse, ex. serotonin, acetylcholine, etc.

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24
Continuous conduction
Depolarization across an unmyelinated axon.
25
Neuron
Type of cell that transmits information - motor, sensory, and interneurons
26
Neuroglia
Nonexcitable cells that are much more abundant. Support, insulate, nourish neurons.
27
Multipolar neurons
Afferent neurons found in the ANS
28
Pseduounipolar neurons
Efferent neurons found in sensory signalling
29
Gray matter
Contains nerve cell bodies in the brain, is responsible for connections
30
White matter
Contains myelinated axons, responsible for transmission
31
Parts of Central Nervous System
Cerebral cortex, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
32
Brocha's area
Section of frontal lobe that produces language
33
Pre-central gyrus
Section of frontal lobe responsible for voluntary motor activity
34
Post-central gyrus
Section of parietal lobe responsible for sensory reception
35
Wernicke's area
Section of parietal lobe responsible for perception of language
36
Commissural fibers
Communications between hemispheres (white matter)
37
Association fibers
Within hemispheres, between lobes (white matter)
38
Projection fibers
To different part of CNS (white matter)
39
Limbic system
Part of deep nuclei. Consists of amygdala, hippocampus, fornix. Responsible for memory and emotion.
40
Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Part of deep nuclei. Responsible for basic motor function.
41
Diencephalon
Contains thalamus (sensory info), hypothalamus (homeostasis), pituitary gland (hormones)
42
Cerebellum
Responsible for motor coordination + balance. Connected to brainstem via peduncles.
43
Flocculonodular lobe
Part of cerebellum, responsible for eye movement
44
Vermis
Part of cerebellum, responsible for axial control
45
Lateral hemispheres
Part of cerebellum, responsible for appendicular control
46
Brain stem
Contains midbrain, pons, medulla, cranial nerves, site of life-sustaining responsibilities.
47
Midbrain
A part of brain stem, contains colliculi (superior = visual reflexes, inferior = auditory reflexes).
48
Susbtantia Nigra
Part of midbrain responsible for dopamine production
49
Pons
Part of spinal cord. Transmits sensory information, anatomical site for cranial nerves.
50
Medulla
Part of spinal cord. Anterior = motor, posterior = sensory. Contains pyramid and olive structures.
51
Spinal cord white matter
Responsible for transmission exteriorly
52
Spinal cord gray matter
Responsible for connections in interior 'H'
53
Descending thoracic aorta
Longest/largest part of aorta, supplies blood to trunk organs and lower extremities.
54
Layers of the eye
Fibrous = cornea, sclera Vascular = choroid, ciliary body, iris Retina = macula, fovea, optic disc
55
Fluid-filled chambers in eye
Vitreous and aqueous humors
56
Muscles in eye
Ciliary, radial, circular
57
Macula
3-5mm oval, surrounds fovea
58
Fovea
Central fixation point of eye, transmits 50% of what we see
59
Optic chiasm
Location where axons cross from medial half of each eye to become tracts.
60
Journey of vision (ROCOTOC)
Retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, cortex
61
Opening and closing eye muscles
Levator palpebra superioris = open Orbicularis oculi = close
62
Saccades
Muscle necessary to expose fovea to full scene through extraocular muscles
63
Extraocular eye muscles
2 oblique, 4 rectus.
64
Tympanic membrane
Ear drum, where sound vibrates.
65
Ossicles
3 bones - malleus, incus, stapes, respond to tympanic vibrations.
66
Otitis media
Ear infection caused by buildup of pus in middle/inner ear.
67
Vibrating oval window
Where sound enters after vibrating the ossicles
68
Round window
Where sound exits after being processed by the cochlea
69
Conductive hearing loss
Reduction in sound amplitude, usually unilateral. Caused by ruptured tympanic membrane, wax buildup, arthritis in ossicles, etc.
70
Sensorineural hearing loss
High tones affected, typically bilateral. Causes by prolonged noise, trauma, etc. Only fixed by cochlear implant.
71
Vestibular apparatus
Contains the utricle, saccule, semicircular canals. Sense equilibrium.
72
Otoliths
Structures in vestibular apparatus that act as a sensor for detecting motion.
73
Neurocranium bones
Frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, temporal
74
Viscerocranium Bones
Ethmoid, inf. nasal concha, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, mandible, maxilla, nasal, palatine
75
Sutures
Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamoid, (pterion)
76
Parts of vertebrae (very pink tongues lick soup)
vertebral body pedicle transverse process lamina spine
77
Dural sinuses
Spaces within dura mater between endosteal and meningeal layer
78
Dural folds/septa
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sellae
79
Denticulate ligaments
Structures in meninges to keep spine in place
80
Blood brain barrier
Selective semi-permeable membrane between blood and interstitium of the brain for protection
81
Astrocytes
Neural tissues that help form the BBB
82
Carotid sinus
Location where common carotid splits into internal + external
83
Cerebral arterial circle
Draw it. 85% of aneurysms occur here.
84
Ischemic strokes
Caused by blockages, treated by anticoagulants.
85
Hemorrhagic strokes
Caused by rupture, treated by solving the bleed
86
Sinus blood flow
SSS, confluence, transverse, sigmoid, jugular veins, vena canva
87
Extracerebral hemorrhages
Epidural hematoma (cause: meningeal a), subdural hematoma (cause: venous sinus), subarachnoid hemorrhage (cause: cerebral a)
88
CSF
Similar to protein free blood plasma with differences in electrolytes. Protects nervous system mechanically and immunologically.
89
Intraventricular foramina
Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
90
Choroid plexus
Tufts of blood vessels in ventricles that produce CSF from arterial blood
91
Cerebral aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricle
92
Circulation of CSF order
cerebral arteries choroid plexus ventricles (lat, 3rd, 4th) subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations dural sinuses
93
Sensory modalities
Quantitative: touch, pressure, proprioception Qualitative: temperature, pain
94
Dermatomes
Spinal levels supplying areas of skin: Types: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.
95
Os coxae nomenclature
Ischium, pubis, iliac (connected by acetabulum)
96
Scapula
Made of spine of scapula, coracoid process, acromion
97
Tentorial notch
Opening in the tentorium cerebelli that accommodates the brainstem
98
Blood supply to the brain (2)
Vertebral arteries (through foramen magnum), carotid arteries (through carotid canal)
99
Corpus callosum
White matter tract that connects hemispheres of cortex
100
Central sulcus
Fissure that separates the motor cortex (frontal) and somatosensory cortex (parietal)
101
Ependymal cells
Form epithelial layer that line ventricles within the brain.
102
Saccule
Senses vertical motion with the utricle.
103
Medial lemniscus
Ascending sensory pathway that senses touch, pressure, proprioception. Synapse 1 @ medulla, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.
104
Spinothalamic tract
Ascending sensory pathway that senses pain and temperature. Synapse 1 @ spinal cord, 2 @ thalamus, terminates @ somatosensory.
105
Spinocerebellar
Ascending sensory pathway responsible for proprioception. Carries information to ipsilateral cerebellum.
106
Exogenous pain ctonrol
Pharmacological agents ex. NSAIDs, opiates
107
Endogenous pain control
Spinal cord gate (touch), reticular formation activation (movement)
108
Parts of the motor system
Corticospinal tract, basal ganglia, cerebellum
109
Pyramidal motor pathways
Involuntary movement @ head, neck, body
110
Extrapyramidal motor pathways
Involuntary movement, reflexes, proprioception
111
Corticospinal tracts
Voluntary motion, contralateral, synapse @ spinal cord. Lateral (cross @ medulla)and anterior/ventral (cross @ spinal cord) divisions.
112
Corticobulbar tracts
Voluntary motion, bilateral. Synapse @ brain stem w/ CN. Excludes facial & hypoglossal.
113
Lower motor neurons
Still contains corticospinal/corticobulbar, but synapses at muscle and aims to convey motor info.
114
Basal ganglia
Control conscious movement & proprioception. Contains caudate nuclus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus. (striatum = C + P) (lentiform nucleus = P + GP)
115
Dysfunction in basal nuclei
Huntington's = neurodegen. in striatum Parkinson's = lack of dopamine, difficulty stop/starting
116
Caudate nucleus
Acts as a "red light," lies inferiorly to the lateral ventricle, apart of basal ganglia.
117
Corticopontine pathway
Motor pathway responsible for appendicular control
118
Spinocerebellar pathway
Motor pathway responsible for axial control
119
Monosynaptic reflex
Reflex arc that provides direct comm. between sensory and motor neurons innervating the muscle.
120
Polysynaptic reflexes
Reflexes that are mediated through at least 2 synapses and one interneuron. Most reflexes are poly
121

HTHSCI 1D06 Sem 1 (28 decks)

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