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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Test 1- Endocrine/digestive System > Flashcards

Test 1- Endocrine/digestive System Flashcards

(120 cards)

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0
Q

Static

A

Not moving

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1
Q

What are 5 things needed to live?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water, right temp (98.4) and right pressure

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2
Q

Dynamic

A

Moving. Homeostasis is dynamic

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

Any change that is opposite to initial change. Most systems in body are negative feedback

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4
Q

Positive feedback

A

If it increases, then further increases
If it decreases, then it further decreases
Anything in same direction aka domino effect

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5
Q

What are examples of negative feedback including glucagon and insulin?

A

If you have high blood sugar your body releases insulin to bring it back down and return to homeostasis.

If you have low blood sugar your pancreas makes glucagon which stimulates the liver to break it down into glucose which then increases blood sugar and returns to homeostasis

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6
Q

Normal blood glucose level is?

A

90 mg to 100 ml

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7
Q

Affrent

A

Input info sent by receptor and sends them along

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8
Q

Efferent

A

Output info sent to effectors to make change

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9
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Using platelets to clot an open vessel wall. Clotting attracts more platelets for more clotting to take place. Happens until vessel is sealed

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10
Q

Endocrine system is what type of system

A

Discontinued bc organs are placed all over body not attached.

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11
Q

Endocrine system organs

A

Are ductless glands with no tubes. Secrete hormones only. Blood is the carrier of all hormones

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12
Q

Autocrine

A

When a cell secretes a hormone and then shows it on itself (same cell)

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13
Q

Paracrine

A

When a cell transfers to a tissue in the same area

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

When a cell transfers to anywhere

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

Amino acid based and steroid hormones. They are highly specific. Hormones are also know. As chemical messengers

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16
Q

Pineal gland

A

P- shaped, rich with calcium salts (brain sand)
Used as reference in x-Ray to find other tissues
Releases melatonin a wonder drug

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17
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Tells you to sleep at night and stay awake in the day using melatonin

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18
Q

Circannual rhythm

A

Changes annually

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19
Q

Parapsychology

A

Involved in telekinesis and 6th sense because of pineal gland

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20
Q

Hypothalamus gland

A

Master gland of endocrine system

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21
Q

Direct activation

A

All steroid hormones go straight to nucleus

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22
Q

Signaling activation

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

Thyroxine

A

Amino acid hormone but the only amino acid that can go directly into cell and activate it (direct activation)

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24
Permissional hormones
For one hormone to act you need another hormone. Asking permission
25
Synergistic hormones
Work together
26
Antagonistic
Working against each other
27
Hormones can be released 3 diff ways
Humoral, neural and hormonal
28
Pituitary gland
Hypophysis. Not master gland anymore. Made up of anterior and posterior lobe. Tsh tells thyroid to secrete thyroxine
29
Anterior lobe
Adenohypohysis. More dense. Thicker bc secretes more hormones. Tsh fsh lh acth gh prl. Growth hormone and prolactin are tropical used as sex hormones
30
Growth hormone
``` Hypo secretion ( not enough) you get dwarfism. Hyper secretion (too much) you get gigantism or acromegaly in adults ```
31
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroxine is secreted by thyroid under tsh. Hypo- cretinism kids. Myxedema adults. -mentally challenged. Hyper- hyperthyroidism constantly tired
32
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex. Hypo-rare. Hyper- cushiness disease-obesity in torso
33
Follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)
Stimulates follicles. Hypo- can't make eggs/sperm failure sex maturation Hyper- 2 eggs at once fertilized
34
Luteinizing hormone (lh)
Same as fsh. Too little cant make eggs/ sperm. Too much makes too many (Twins)
35
Prolactin (prl)
Hypo- poor milk production Hyper- galactorrhea- too much milk secretion enlarged breasts Gynecomastia- men
36
Oxytocin (posterior)
Cuddle hormone. Increase makes men emotional. In women contracts uterus during birth
37
Antidiuretic hormone (adh) posterior (vasopressin)
Stops urination. Alcohol stops secretion of adh so u pee a lot. Hypo- diabetes insipidus- constant thirst/ peeing Hyper-in appropriate adh secretion
38
Thyroid gland
Secretes calcitonin and thyroid hormone (t3 & t4) | Bilobe gland connected by isthmus
39
Follicles
Are filled with Colloid and cells that surround it are follicle cells which produce thyroglobulin
40
Follicle cells
Produce thyroglobulin
41
Parafollicular cell
Produce/ release calcitonin which reduces blood calcium
42
T3( triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine)
Low secretion kids- cretinism- bulging thyroid gland | Low secretion adults- myxedema- lack of iodine leads to goiter(bulging eyes)
43
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium
44
Graves' disease
Metabolic hormone. Get bc too much t3 and t4
45
Hashimotos
Autoimmune disease due to too much t3 and t4
46
Autoimmune disease
Your body starts fighting it's antibodies with itself so it blocks thyroxine and the. U have antibodies against thyroxine
47
Parathyroid hormone
Increases calcium
48
Chief cells
Secrete parathyroid hormone which increases blood calcium
49
2 hormones that are antagonistic
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. They work against each other Insulin and glucagon are also antagonistic
50
Adrenal gland
Top of kidney. Contains medulla and cortex
51
Zona glomerulosa ( first layer after capsul in adrenal cortex of kidney)
Mineralcorticords. Aldosterone- regulates sodium levels. Na absorption
52
Zona fasciculata (2nd layer of adrenal cortex in kidney)
Glucocorticoids
53
Zona reticularis
Gonadocorticoids
54
Mineralocorticoids
Chiefly aldosterone. Hyper secretion- aldosteronism | Hypo- addisons - weight loss/ dehydration
55
Glucocorticoid
Chiefly cortisol Hyper- Cushing's syndrome- bloated (adena- retention of water) hypertension- high bp Hypo- Addison's disease- dehydration/ wieght loss
56
Gonadocorticoids (zona reticularis)
Chiefly androgens | Hyper- women look more manly
57
Adrenal medullary hormones
Medulla has catecholamines aka adrenal rush- epinephrine and norepinephrine Hyper- prolonged fight or flight ( hypertension) Hypo- act calmly
58
Pancreas
Under liver | Only organ that's both endocrine (secretes hormones) & exocrine ( secretes enzymes)
59
Exocrine
Secretes enzymes
60
Glucagon
29 amino acids | Produced by alpha cells by pancreatic islet of langerhans
61
Insulin
32 amino acids releases as pro insulin | Beta
62
Pancreatic islet of langerhans
Group of cells that produce alpha- glucagon and beta- insulin
63
Type 1 diabetes
Aka juvenile diabetes ( almost born with it) no production of insulin so given insulin shots
64
Type 2 diabetes
Non insulin dependent diabetes militis for adults who don't need insulin
65
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar insulin. Insulin is taking too long to bring back down
66
Hypoglycemia
Blood sugar below 60mg. Fainting bc of low blood sugar
67
Diabetic
If you have sugar and doesn't go down after 4 hours you're diabetic
68
H1BC or a1c
Test for diabetes. Amount of glucose bound to blood cells tells you if you're diabetic or not
69
Digestion
Breakdown of macro molecules to micro molecules so they can enter cell
70
Castro intestinal tract
Major part of the digestive tract ( open ended tube) 30 feet long
71
Nutrients
Essential for energy
72
Accessory gland
Not attached to tube but essential. Ex lover
73
Extrinsic stimulus
Thinking about food and then salvaging bc of it. External stimulus
74
Intrinsic stimulus
Internal. Your body tells itself it's hungry bc your cells are lacking atp
75
Mastication
Chewing
76
Carbs turn into what
Amalyse which turns into simple sugar
77
Ingestion
Putting food in your mouth. Major process to starting digestion
78
Mechanical digestion
Grinding and chewing in mouth
79
Orbicular iris
Lips are first thing in digestive tract. All movement in lips are done by orbicular oris
80
Red margin
Pinkish parts of lips
81
Churning
The stomachs mechanical digestion
82
Segmentation
Part of mechanical digestion. | Twisting and churning and squeezing to get food down
83
Peristalsis
Just squeezing it down
84
Chemical digestion
Enzymes come in and jump start reaction
85
Absorption
Amino acids get absorbed
86
Peritoneal cavity
Where accessory organs are
87
Retro peritoneal organs
Organs that are in back ( dorsal) not in the center ex. Large intestine and pancreas
88
Peritonitis
Infection of peritoneal cavity
89
Parietal peritoneum
Outside layer of peritoneal
90
Visceral peritoneum
Later that surrounds digestive tract
91
Peritoneal cavity
Empty space
92
Ventral mesentery
Route for vessels. Attached to digestive tract
93
Tunic
The 4 layers of digestive tract
94
Lumen
Only hole where food passes through surrounded by 4 layers called tunics
95
Mucosa
First and inner most tunic layer of digestive tract. Surrounds lumen with different types of cells. Goblet cells that produce mucus. Main function is to secrete, absorb & Procter.
96
Goblet cells
Produce mucus
97
Sub mucosa
2nd layer. Supports blood vessel. Layer of muscularis with longitudinal and circular muscles.
98
Muscularis layer
Helps peristalsis and segmentation
99
Serosa
Outter most layer
100
Retroperitoneal organs have extra
Additional layers called serosa and Adventia ( think add)
101
Splancnic circulation
Blood vessels that are supplying blood to tunic
102
Enteric nuerons
Nuerons that attach to digestive tract
103
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage doorway that separates food and air passages. Organ of taste gestion
104
Trachea
Air goes through (front)
105
Esophagus
Food goes through
106
Uvula
Helps speech and vocabulary and sometimes swallowing
107
Tonsil
Immune tissue
108
Lingual frenulum
Tongue is attached to lower jaw by this. Ppl who have deep ones will pronounciate better
109
Bolus
Chewed food material that's swallowed into esophagus
110
Ankylogossia
Short lingual frenulum (talks blunt)
111
Function of 3 glands that surround oral cavity
Secrete salivia. Ph is nuetral
112
Amylase
Major component in salivia
113
Lysozyme
Eats bacteria in salivia Serous cells produce salivia
114
Mumps
Inflammation of parotid gland
115
Halitosis
Not secreting enough salivia so causes bad breath
116
Parasympathetic control
Controls salivia
117
3 facial glands
Sublingual gland, submandibular gland, and parotid gland
118
Dry mouth
Xerostomia synpathetic
119
Gomphosis
Joint that tooth is embedded into. This joint can't move and is immobile

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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