Test 1 F2014

Question 1

Juvenile delinquency

Answer 1

the legal term for a person who is under the majority age and breaking the law or criminal code

Question 2

Extended jurisdiction

Answer 2

can have control of the offender until age 25

Question 3

When does violent crime peak?

Answer 3

age 18

Question 4

When does property crime peak?

Answer 4

age 16

Question 5

Was child/parent relationships close in the middle ages?

Answer 5

no- high mortality rates

Question 6

How many juveniles are arrested each year?

Answer 6

1.5 million

Question 7

Are boys and girls arrested for similar criems?

Answer 7

yes, with the exception of girls do more runaways

Question 8

Do all states have Juvenile systems

Answer 8

YES

Question 9

Does the juv justice system is based on the parens patrae philosophy-

Answer 9

yes- what is in best interest of the child

Question 10

Status Offence

Answer 10

illegal because the offender is under 18

Question 11

Chronic Offender

Answer 11

arrested 4+ times

Question 12

Which demographic factor displays the most stable relationship with delinquency

Answer 12

age- age crime curve- doesn’t change over time

Question 13

Is juv delinquincy rising?

Answer 13

no, it’s decreasing

Question 14

Does Youth commit a disproportionate amount of crime

Answer 14

yes. EXCEPT VIOLENT CRIME

Question 15

Is Uniform crime report is a valid measure of criminal activity?

Answer 15

no.

Question 16

When did the government start treating children as a distinct social group instead of “little adults”

Answer 16

350 years ago

Question 17

What changes led to the recognition of childhood in the 16-1800’s?

Answer 17

Changes in family structure
Laws to control/protect children
Urbanization/industrialization 
Dangerous classes
Child saving movement
State intervention 
Mandatory education

Question 18

Who established the juvenile court and when?

Answer 18

Chicago, Illinois Juvenile Court Act, 1899

Question 19

Past JJS?

Answer 19

Separate neglected/status/delinquent youth

All kids were treated the same. Our system was not complex enough to cater to different needs.

Question 20

Current JJS?

Answer 20

Complex system
Costs 90,000 to house a kid in the juvenile system for 1 year because of Fed Involvement (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention)

Question 21

At-Risk Youth

Answer 21

25% of the population

Question 22

The 5 status Offenses that courts control

Answer 22

Habitual truants
Repeated disregard for parental authority
Repeated running away
Repeated use of intoxicating beverages
Delinquent acts by children younger than 10

Question 23

How do we measure delinquency?

Answer 23

official reports, victim surveys, self report surveys

Question 24

UCR

Answer 24

Raw figures (# of crimes reported, arrests made)
Crime rates= #crime/total pop x 100,000
Changes in the number and rate of crime over time
Most commonly cited
Presented by age, race, gender
Part I and Part 2 Offenses

Question 25

arrest statistics

Answer 25

Violent: 68K (840 homicide arrest) Property: 335K Total delinquency down 31% since 2002, 11% since 2010 Most common offenses: truancy, alcohol/marijuana, fake ID, shoplifter/larceny, simple assault, damaging property

Question 26

The Dark Figure of Crime

Answer 26

crime that is not reported

Question 27

Disproportionate Minority Contact

Answer 27

blacks are more likely to be arrested, formally processed, and stay longer in the juvenile system compared to whites

Question 28

Choice Theory

Answer 28

Classical Criminology (16-1800s) Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham Utilitarian philosophy/Shared morality ``` Cost-Benefit Analysis rational choice Free will Focus on act Belief that “crime pays ```

Question 29

Deterrence

Answer 29

General Deterrence - Swift, severe, certain - Before the act Specific Deterrence -After the act

Question 30

Trait Theories

Answer 30

Youth engage in delinquent behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern behavioral choices Delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices.

Question 31

National Research Council Theory

Answer 31

``` Hyperactivity Risk taking Impulsivity Poor attention span Low IQ ```

Question 32

Characteristics of Adult violent offenders

Answer 32

``` Low empathy Head injuries Inadequate prenatal care Lead paint Abuse, neglect, lack of parental nurturing ```

Question 33

Trait Theories: Biosocial and Psychological

Answer 33

Origins in Lombroso’s criminal atavism The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies present at birth that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors. “born criminal” (body type) Charles Goring Defective intelligence “feeblemindedness”, mentally deficient, low IQ

Question 34

Biosocial Theories of Delinquency

Answer 34

Biosocial theory focuses on the association between biological makeup, environmental conditions, and antisocial behaviors. Biological problems lead to social problems which make youth vulnerable to criminal activity

Question 35

Psychological Theory

Answer 35

Most delinquents have poor home lives, relationship problems, and issues with authority Seen as a function of mental disturbance Psychodynamic theory: unconscious mental disorder caused by relationship/trauma early in life can lead to delinquency

Question 36

Personality

Answer 36

is defined as the stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, which distinguish one person from another.

Question 37

Social Structure Theories

Answer 37

``` Place and crime View that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas, including disorganization, stress, and cultural deviance, push residents into criminal behavior patterns. ```

Question 38

Social Disorganization Theory

Answer 38

``` Shaw and McKay: Chicago Concentric Zones 1.Poverty 2.Transience – moving in and out 3.Heterogeneity – lots of difference, different race, values, ``` Schools, jobs, housing Depression isolation, family disruption, apathy, fear, disorder Informal Social Control

Question 39

Differential association

Answer 39

frequency, duration, priority, intensity

Question 40

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 40

Balance of real or anticipation rewards/punishments

Question 41

Aker's Social Learning Theory

Answer 41

1. Differenial asociation 2. Definitions 3. Differential Reinforcement 4. Imitation

Question 42

Definitions

Answer 42

- Attitudes/meaning attached to behavior | Techniques

Question 43

Social Bonding Theory

Answer 43

``` Travis Hirschi Assumes a criminal nature Attachment Commitment Belief Involvement ```

Question 44

Labeling Theory

Answer 44

Crime is the result of reactions/efforts of formal social control agents (police, courts, corrections) Primary deviance Secondary deviance