Test 1- Joints

Question 1

Articulation/ arthroses

Answer 1

• the connection of bones at a join usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones

Question 2

Type and range of movements

Answer 2

-They are similar in all humans; but the freedom, range m and vigor of movements are limited by configurations of bones where they fit together, ligaments and muscles.

Question 3

3 major classifications of joints

Answer 3

-synarthrodial
-amphiarthrodial
-Diarthrodial

Question 4

synarthrodial

Answer 4

• Immovable joints
  -structure such as a skull sutures
  -Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla

Question 5

amphiarthrodial

Answer 5

• Slightly movable joints
• allow slight motion to occur
  - Syndesmosis
  -Symphysis
  -Synchondrosis

Question 6

Syndesmosis

Answer 6

Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
* Bones may or may not touch each
other at the actual joint
* Examples: Coracoclavicular joint,
distal tibiofibular joint

Question 7

Symphysis

Answer 7

Joint separated by a
fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement
between the bones
* Examples: symphysis pubis
and intervertebral discs

Question 8

Synchondrosis

Answer 8

Type of joint separated
by hyaline cartilage
that allows very slight
movement between
the bones
* Examples:
costochondral joints of
the ribs with the
sternum

Question 9

Diarthrodial joints

Answer 9

• known as synovial joints
• freely movable
  -sleeve like joint capsule
  -secretes synovial fluids (lubrication)
• six types

Question 10

what provides additional support against abnormal movements/ joint openings

Answer 10

• capsules thickening from tough ligaments

Question 11

Articular/ hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

• covers the articular surface ends of bones in joint cavity
  -absorbs shock
  -protects bone

Question 12

Rom in diarthrodial joints

Answer 12

-important for health
- can have motion possible in one or more planes

Question 13

fibrocartilage disk in diarthrodial joints

Answer 13

provide additional shock absorption, load distribution, and enhance stability- Those joints are :
-Medial and lateral menisci
* Glenoid labrum
* Acetabular labrum

Question 14

Degree of freedom

Answer 14

corresponds to the cardinal planes of motion
- motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
- motion in 2 planes= 2 degrees
-motion in 3 planes= 3 degrees

Question 15

six types of diarthrodial joints

Answer 15

Arthrodial
* Ginglymus
* Trochoid
* Condyloid
* Enarthrodial
* Sellar

Question 16

Arthrodial (gliding) joints

Answer 16

2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other
* Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation
* Usually work together in series of articulations

Question 17

Examples of Arthrodial (gliding) joints

Answer 17

-Vertebral facets in
spinal column, intercarpal and
intertarsal joints
* Motions are flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, diagonal
abduction and adduction and
rotation, (circumduction)

Question 18

Ginglymus

Answer 18

(hinge) joint
* A uniaxial articulation
* Articular surfaces allow
motion in only one
plane
* Examples: Elbow, knee,
talocrural (ankle)

Question 19

5 major factors affect total
stability and consequently
mobility of a joint

Answer 19

Bones
* Cartilage
* Ligaments and connective
tissue
* Muscles
* Proprioception and motor
control

Question 19

Sellar

Answer 19

(saddle) joint
* Unique triaxial joint
* 2 reciprocally concave and
convex articular surfaces
* Example is 1st carpometacarpal
joint at thumb (some include
sternoclavicular)
* Flexion, extension, adduction and
abduction, circumduction and
slight rotation

Question 19

Condyloid

Answer 19

(knuckle joint)
* Biaxial ball and socket
joint
* One bone with an oval
concave surface received
by another bone with an
oval convex surface
Example: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
metacarpophalangeal or knuckles
joints, wrist articulation between
carpals and radius
* Flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction (circumduction)

Question 19

Bones affect in stability

Answer 19

-Usually very similar in bilateral
comparisons within an individual
* Actual anatomical configuration at
joint surfaces in terms of depth and
shallowness may vary significantly
between individual

Question 19

Enarthrodial, Multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint

Answer 19

Bony rounded head fitting into
a concave articular surface
* Examples: Hip and shoulder
joint
* Motions are flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, diagonal
abduction and adduction,
rotation and circumduction

Question 19

Trochoid

Answer 19

(pivot, screw) joint
* Also uniaxial articulation
* Example: Atlantoaxial joint: odontoid
which turns in a bony ring, proximal and
distal radioulnar joints

Question 19

Diarthodial stablility

Answer 19

- increased joint stability leads to decreased joint mobility -increased joint mobility leads to decreased joint stability

Question 20

Cartilage affects in stability

Answer 20

-Structure of both hyaline cartilage and specialized cartilaginous structures (knee menisci, glenoid labrum and acetabular labrum) further assist in joint congruency and stability * Normally the same in bilateral comparisons within but may vary between individuals in size and configuration

Question 21

ligaments and connective tissue affect in stability

Answer 21

-Provide static stability to joints * Variances exist between individuals in degree of restrictiveness of ligamentous tissue * Amount of hypo- or hyperlaxity of an individual is primarily due to proportional amount of elastin versus collagen within joint structures * Individuals with proportionally higher elastin to collagen ratios are hyperlax or "loose-jointed" whereas individuals with proportionally lower ratios are tighte

Question 22

muscles affect in stability

Answer 22

-Provide dynamic stability to joints when actively contracting * Without active tension via a contraction muscles provide minimal static stability * Strength and endurance are significant factors in stabilizing joints * Muscle flexibility may affect the total range of joint motion possible

Question 23

what is Proprioception and motor control, along w/ affect in stability

Answer 23

Proprioception: subconscious mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture and movements by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors imbedded in joints, tendons, muscles and inner ear * Motor control: process by which body actions and movements are organized and executed o determine the appropriate amount of muscular forces and joint activations needed * Sensory information from environment and body must be integrated and then coordinated in a cooperative manner between central nervous system and musculoskeletal system * Muscle strength and endurance are not very useful in providing joint stability unless activated precisely when needed

Question 24

5 factors affecting total joint stability and mobility

Answer 24

-Structural integrity may be affected by acute or chronic injury * Structures adapt over time both positively and negatively to specific biomechanical demands placed upon them * When any above factors are compromised additional demands are placed on remaining structures to provide stability which, in turn, may compromise their integrity, resulting in abnormal mobility * This abnormal mobility (hypermobility or hypomobility) may lead to further pathological conditions such as tendinitis, bursitis, arthritis, internal derangement and joint subluxations