Test 1: Life

Question 1

Descriptions of Life?

Answer 1

Self-organization: Forms some sort of structure

Autopoietic: Can reproduce and maintain itself

Question 2

Common things between Cells

Answer 2

Membrane: separates the content of cell from environment
DNA: Collectively called the genome, to store the genetic information necessary to build the parts the parts a cells need
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

Question 3

Central Dogma

Answer 3

Transform DNA into RNA which may be translated into proteins. DNA is copied by replication to allow cells to reproduce.

Question 4

Phylogenetics

Answer 4

How life is classified, which is by the similarity of DNA

Question 5

Domains

Answer 5

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota. The bacteria and archaea

domains are much more physiologically, genetically, and metabolically diverse than eukaryota.

Question 6

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 6

A prokaryote is a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.The majority of prokaryotic DNA is found in a central region of the cell called the nucleoid. Bacteria and archaea are exclusively prokaryotic organisms, single cell
organism

Question 7

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 7

A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus. Also while eukaryote certain unicellular and multicellular

Question 8

Composition of Life

Answer 8

Made of the same building blocks (proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids)

Question 9

Major elements

Answer 9

O, C, H, N, P, S, make up 98% of all organisms

Question 10

Classifying organisms

Answer 10

Even in the most inhospitable locations, microbial life thrives (not eukaryote). We can classify organisms based on where they get their energy, how they acquire their electrons, preferred carbon source, if they use oxygen, and where they live

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

Energy must be transformed from its
source into a form that is useable in biological reactions, which is nucleotide triphosphate, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy currency). The hydrolysis of ATP is then used as chemical potential energy to drive other reactions in the cell.

Question 12

Energy: Light

Answer 12

Uses sunlight to make ATP.
Source: sunlight/light.
Phototrophs

Question 13

Energy: Everything else

Answer 13

Uses redox reactions to make ATP from preformed molecules.
Source: Preformed Molecules
Chemotroph

Question 14

Electron Donor: Inorganic.
Chemotrophs can be further divided by what type of electron donor they use in redox reactions to
produce ATP,

Answer 14

Uses redox reaction to make ATP from inorganic molecules
Sources: H2S. Fe(2+), NH4(+)
Lithotrophs

Question 15

Electron Donor: Organic.
Chemotrophs can be further divided by what type of electron donor they use in redox reactions to
produce ATP,

Answer 15

Uses redox reactions to make ATP form organic molecules
Sources: glucose, acetate, proteins, lipids
Organotrophs

Question 16

Aerobic

Answer 16

organisms that use O2

Question 17

Anaerobic

Answer 17

Organisms that don’t need O2

Question 18

Anaerobic: Obligate

Answer 18

Doesn;t need O2 to grow and cannot grow in the presence of O2, (may be lethal)

Question 19

Anaerobic: Facultive

Answer 19

Can grow with or without O2

Question 20

Anaerobic: Aerotolerant

Answer 20

Does not need O2 to grow but can grow in the presence of O2

Question 21

Anabolism & Carbon Source: Autotrophic

Answer 21

Create complex molecules from inorganic molecules like CO2 and CH4. Energy can be derived from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or inorganic redox reactions (lithoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs)

Question 22

Anabolism & Carbon Source: Heterotrophic

Answer 22

Can only create complex molecules from the molecules from other complex molecules. All heterotrophs are chemotroph, and most are organotrophs.

Question 23

Habitat: Temperature

Answer 23

High, Hyperthermophile, Hot Spring, 90-115C

Low, Psychrophile, Arctic, 0-12C

Question 24

Habitat:pH

Answer 24

High: Alkaliphile, Soda Lakes, 8.5-12
Low: Acidophile, Acidic Hot springs, 0-4
Medium: Mesophile, 4-8.5

Question 25

Habitat: Pressure

Answer 25

Baraphile, Deep Ocean, 500-1000atm

Question 26

Habitat: Salt

Answer 26

Halophile: Salt Lake

Question 27

Covalent Bonds

Answer 27

Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons and the difference in electronegativity is less than 1.7. Differences greater than 1.7 form an or salt bond where electrons are donated and not shared.

Question 28

Polarity

Answer 28

Oxygen forms covalent bonds with hydrogen in water and the difference in their electronegativity causes a pole to form with H being slightly positive. Oxygen is better at attracting electrons, so the electrons are at oxygen more. The electron cloud or electron density is more heavily at oxygen

Question 29

Water

Answer 29

Water acts as a solvent in biological systems, dissolving the compounds and proteins needed for reactions to occur in the cell. Remember, compounds need to collide with the correct orientation and speed to react and this is more likely to happen when dissolved in a liquid.

Question 30

Hydrogen Bonding **force not bond**

Answer 30

As a result of these dipoles, they can be attracted to the dipoles of other compounds. When this happens between a Hδ+ and an X-H fragment of the same or another molecule a hydrogen bond is formed. Typically, we show H-bonding by using three dots in diagrams. Hydrogen bonds are ubiquitous in biology. Remember: Water also hydrogen bonds with itself! When two compounds are mixed that have slight charge because they are polar, they will arrange themselves in the lowest energy state which is positive attracted to negative. Hydrogen bonding occurs only in molecules where hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to either fluorine, nitrogen , and oxygen. These withdraw the majority of electron density in the covalent with hydrogen , leaving H very electron deficient

Question 31

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 31

Interactions among non-polar and polar molecules. As a result of hydrophobic interactions and lack of electronegative atoms in non-polar molecules, non-polar molecules aggregate in water and orient themselves to minimize their contact with water.Nonpolar compounds do not dissolve well in water. Compounds that will NOT dissolve in water are called hydrophobic. In order for a non-polar compound to dissolve into water it would have to break a lot of hydrogen bonds that are occurring between water molecules. Since this is not energetically favourable, non-polar compounds want to minimize their contact with water as this is the lowest energy state possible.

Question 32

Electrostatic Interactions

Answer 32

Electrostatic interactions refer to the attraction between oppositely charged molecules. Often also called coulombic, ion paring, salt-bridge, non-covalent interactions.

Question 33

Order from strongest to weakest? ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds, van der walls forces

Answer 33

ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds, van der walls forces

Question 34

Solubility

Answer 34

For a compound to dissolve into water it has to break some of the hydrogen bonds. This is why water can generally dissolve other polar compounds and ionic compounds it can hydrogen bond or share electrostatic interactions with. Polar groups can dissolve in water since the polar parts can interact and hydrogen bonds can form. However, non-polar compounds do not dissolve well in water. Ionic compounds will dissociate or ionize to form two free ions in solution. This does not occur with polar compounds, however, the water will still orient itself in the same manner as it does with salts where H atoms with a slight dipole are attracted to negative dipoles within the polar molecule and O atoms with a slight negative dipole will be attracted to the positive dipoles in the polar molecule. Compounds that will dissolve in water are called hydrophiles.

Question 35

Steps for Solubility

Answer 35

To determine if something is soluble in bio need 3 things: 1. Intermolecular interactions within solvent, Ex. water's hydrogen bonding 2. Intermolecular or intramolecular in solute, within itself or to other molecules, Ex. salt form lattices with each other salt molecule. 3. Solute-Solvent Interactions. Ex. salt and water

Question 36

Amphipathic

Answer 36

of compound which contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.Compounds that are amphipathic include the lipids in our cell membranes and soaps used in detergents: