TEST 1 MATERIAL Flashcards
Need to know for test 1 - studies and terms (97 cards)
1
Q
Questionable Research Practicing - HARKing
A
Hypothesizing after the results are
known. Also known as “fishing” or “data
dredging - very common
2
Q
Questionable Research Practicing - p-hacking
A
Decisions that researchers will make during an experiment to get significant results - very common
3
Q
Open Science
A
Being transparent, creating reproducible and replicable data
4
Q
Open Science Center
A
A place to preregister your studies and make it available for everyone to access
5
Q
Theory
A
A integrated set of principles that explain and predict behavior
6
Q
Different Places to conduct research
A
Lab:
Easy to control variables but too artificial
Online:
Cheap, easy to reach people, but can be fabricated and manipulated
Field:
get first hand experience but can’t control situations in the environment
7
Q
Correlational Research
A
is there a link between two variables
get a r value to assess the correlation (-1 to 1)
8
Q
Tierney (1987)
A
Found that children that ate frosted flakes had less cancer rates than kids who ate oatmeal - due to a third variable you don’t measure - correlation does not infer causation
9
Q
Experimental Research
A
Gain control of the study
10
Q
Random Assignement
A
Randomly assigning people to a specific category
11
Q
Random Sampling
A
Taking a group of people and randomly picking people in that group to be in your study
12
Q
The DV
A
Outcome of the experiment
13
Q
The IV
A
The variable being manipulated - multiple levels for each IV (light - bright vs. dim)
14
Q
Tuskegee Alabama Study
A
- conducted by the USPHS
- Went into field to get 400 low income black men and gave them syphilis without them knowing
- In 1947, the cure came out and they never told them
- relates to the importance of ethics
15
Q
The Belmont Report
A
guidelines that protect the rights and welfare of participants in biomedical and behavioral research
16
Q
5 moral principles that guide research with humans
A
- Respect for people and their autonomy
- Beneficence (do good) and Nonmaleficence (do no harm) - sometimes there are risks but look at how bug the risk are and if it outweighs the benefits
- Justice - ppl should get benefits if they participate
- Trust - build it by debriefing at the end
- Fidelity and Scientific Integrity - is the study even worth doing?
17
Q
Active Deception
A
Deception by commission - confederate, person in the study, will act like they are in the study but are actually apart of the whole thing
- you are deliberately lying to the person
18
Q
Passive Deception
A
Deception by omission - witholding info, you never tell someone what the intent of the study is so that you don’t sway their reactions.
- leaving out relevant info
19
Q
Statistically Significant
A
P value at 0.05
20
Q
Woodzicka and LaFrance
A
Study one : imagined what their responses to harassment would be - angry
Study two : job interview where male asked women harassing questions - people got scared
RESULT - anticipated did not match actual reaction
IV: Question type (sexualized vs. weird)
DV: Actual repsonses
21
Q
Self Concept
A
Our total understanding of who we are
22
Q
Self Schema
A
Beliefs we use to define ourselves
23
Q
Working Self Concept
A
A set of self schemas that are presently active in our thought (changes throughout the day, how you think of yourself at party and in class is different)
24
Q
Individualistic Cultures - Kityama and Marcus
A
the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
- western cultures
25
Collectivistic Cultures - Kityama and Marcus
Defining yourself within the groups view, think about yourself within the role of the group and as a whole group
- Asian cultures
26
Independant self construal
Being unique and promoting your own goals - individualistic cultures
27
Interdependent self construal
Emphasizes status and relationships. Thinking about your role in a group rather than your uniqueness - collectivistic culture
28
3 functions of the self - Organizational
The beliefs of who you are, pay attention to the things that line up with who you are - this helps us process and categorize information
29
3 functions of the self - Emotional
Self-Discrepancy Theory - think about ourselves in different ways
Your actual self: who am i
your ideal self: who is you want to be
your ought self: who should i be
30
3 functions of the self - Executive
You are in charge of you
31
Baumeister Experiment
One group was told not to think about something you were shown, another group was told to suppress your laughter, and another group could do whatever
IDEA: Self is like a muscle, when you suppress your thoughts, you get tired of it
32
Where do we get self-knowledge - others
Looking Glass Self - we are who people think we are
Social Comparison Theory - we learn about ourselves by comparing us to other people
33
Where do we get self-knowledge - Self
Self Perception Theory - you go through life watching your own behavior and use this to explain who you are and what you like
34
Personality Test Study - Baumeister
People come in and take a personality test, people are given either all lies or flattering results
IV: Feedback (positive or negative)
DV: Amount of time looking at results
RESULTS: People who got flattering results would take longer than people who got unflattering results
35
Optimal Margin of Illusion
People see themselves better than they actually are
Having huge margin can set you up for failure
36
Nisbett and Schachter Study
Students asked to take series of shocks with increasing intensity, half given a pill said to produce anxiety
IV: Pill administered (yes or no)
DV: Shock
Found that people who took pill took more shock than people who didn't
RESULTS: People had said that the pill had nothing to do with it, it was just who they were as a person
37
Nisbett and Wilson Study
Participants watch a short film, half of participants had a noise outside the room when watching the movie
IV: Noise (yer or no)
DV: Did noise affect their ratings
RESULTS: people said that the noise made a impact when it actually did nothing
people think they are affected by something when they really aren't
38
Two factor theory of emotion
1. Feeling aroused
2. Look for cues in environment to explain arousal
39
Shaky Bridge Study - Dutton and Aron
Misattribution of emotion
- all male participants - set at park where attractive woman asks them to fil out a questionnaire
- after the questionnaire, the woman gives her phone # and says to give her a call
- IV: some men meet woman ON shaky bridge others cross bridge & meet 10 min after crossing
-DV: what # of men call her and ask her out
RESULT: 60% men from bridge called / 30% off bridge called
40
Self Presentation
The attempt to present who we want people to believe we are through words, behaviors, and actions
41
Impression Management
conscious/unconscious orchestration of presentation to fit social goals
42
Common Ways to do Impression Management
Self-monitoring - changing the way you behave according to the situation
Ingratiation - trying to look good for certain people
False Modesty - Act like you aren't good even though you know you are
Self-Handicapping: Protecting yourself with deprecating behaviors
43
Kelleys Covariation Model
Looking to peoples behavior to decide if we should make a internal or external attribution
1) consensus - how is everyone responding to stimuli
2) distinctiveness - how one actor behaves
3) consistency - behavior between actor & stimuli is consistent
44
Internal attributions (dispositional)
Looking at the internal factors of the person
45
External attributions (situational)
there is something unique to the environment that is causing them to act this way
46
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tend to look more at the internal factors rather than the external factors
47
Fidel Castro Study - Jones and Harris
students asked to read an essay from a student - essay either for or against Castro’s rule & students asked to guess how author feels about Castro
condition 1: author given free choice to right for/against
condition 2: author told to write for or against
IV: what students were told about conditions of paper
DV: how much do you believe that author does/doesn’t support Castro
RESULTS: found similar results whether told author had/didn’t have a choice - made an internal attribution
48
Study - Fiske and Taylor
actor A & B have scripted conversation with 50/50 talking
observers sat in chairs at different angles & asked how much they thought each actor spoke
RESULT: observers facing both said 50/50 BUT those facing A OR B said actor they were facing as having spoken more
49
Actor/Observer Difference
When explaining other peoples behavior, we focus more on the people but when explaining our own, we focus on the situation
50
3 main channels of communication
1. Verbal
2. Nonverbal
3. Paralinguistic - tone
51
Study - Ambady and Rosenthal
gave students 30 sec SILENT clips of professor’s lectures & had them rate the professors personal qualities (enthusiastic, teaching ability, etc)
reliable ratings (consensus)
rating were significant predictors of end-of-term evals
rating still accurate when clips shortened as much as 5 seconds
52
Encode vs. Decode
Expression of emotions vs. interpretation of emotions
53
Study - Ekman and Freisen
South Fore: preliterate tribe with no western contact
told Fore brief stories with emotional content then showed pictures of americans expressing the 6 emotions all know - asked to match expressions to stories
Fore asked to demonstrate expressions that match emotional stories - brought to americans who were able to decode the emotions
54
6 universal emotions
anger
fear
sadness
disgust
surprise
happiness
55
Factors that decrease decoding accuracy
- Affective blend: two parts of face represent a different emotion
- Culture: rules about nonverbal behavior (man crying in public)
- Deception: detecting when people lie based off their behavior
56
Study - Rosenthal and Jacobson
self fulfilling beliefs
- students given placement tests with false results reported
- teachers told 1/2 randomly selected would be ‘bloomers’
- observed class dynamics & tested kids at end of year
RESULT: ‘bloomers’ bloomed
57
Rosenthals 4 factor Theory
1) climate - warmer to bloomers
2) input - more attention on bloomers
3) output - bloomers given more opportunities
4) feedback - bloomers given more informative feedback
58
LaPiere STUDY
early 1930s LaPiere went on cross country trip with Chinese couple (Chinese prejudice common at time)
went to 251 establishments, only 1 refused them service
after trip - wrote each business asking if they would serve Chinese guests - of responses, 1 said they would provide service (90% would not)
59
Affective Forecasting
We are not good at figuring out how long we will feel a certain way
60
Hot/Cold Empathy Gap
You are in a cold state when predicting emotions so it is hard to know how you will actually feel when in a hot state
61
ABC's of Attitude
Affectively Based Attitude - based on feelings and you value about your attitude object
Behaviorally Based Attitude - based on you observations of your own behavior
Cognitively Based Attitude - Based on your thoughts
62
Dual Attitude System
- Controlled / explicit : very conscious (system2)
- Automatic / implicit : adopted from the environment (system1)
63
Self Reports
The most common way to measure attitudes of the self
64
Alternatives to self-report
Bogus Pipeline - like a lie detector test
Physiological measures - monitoring pupil dilation, hands sweat
Implicit measures - saying one thing, doing another
65
Study - Fazio
Had people rate how they feel about candy bars, measured how long it took to react
66
Stanford Prison Experiment
people start to adopt the behavior of the roles they are given
67
Forced Compliance
Repeated statement influence beliefs (brainwashing, stockholm syndrome)
Laws change behavior (seatbelt example)
68
Foot in the Door Phenomenon
First get someone to commit to something small, they get them to commit to something big
69
Low Ball Technique
People are likely to follow through with something if it is changed after they committed
70
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The tension when you have 2 conflicting thoughts
71
Festinger and Carlsmith STUDY
Come into lab and turn knobs, when it is the next persons turn you are either given $1 or $20 to lie and tell them it was a fun experiment, and then people were asked how they really felt about the experiment
RESULTS: people who got paid less reported having more fun because they had nothing to lose
72
How to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance
Change you behavior
Change your attitudes
Adopt new thoughts
73
Over-justification effect
Rewarding someone for something they already like doing can cause them to not want to do it anymore unless they get a reward for it
74
illusion of transparency
the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
75
Spotlight effect
belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance/behavior than they really are
76
Savitsky and Gilovich STUDY
wondered if “illusion of transparency” would disrupt inexperienced public speakers
40 students in pairs spoke for 3 min, switched, then rated how nervous they were/partner appeared
RESULTS: people rated selves as seeming more nervous BUT partners rated not nervous
77
culture & cognition
when shown underwater study with fish, Americans focus on fish first, Asians more likely to notice the background
78
planning fallacy
tendency to underestimate how long a task will take
79
impact bias
overestimating how we would react to a future event
80
terror management theory
argues humans must find a way to manage overwhelming fear of death
81
Self Efficacy
sense that one is competent and effective
- strong self-efficacy = less anxious & depressed
82
defensive pessimism
setting low expectations and mentally preparing for potential negative outcomes in order to manage anxiety and pursue goals
83
false consensus effect (consensus bias)
overestimating what you have in common with other people
84
priming
activating particular associations in memory - things we don’t even consciously notice but subtly influence how we recall events
85
embodied cognition
an approach to cognition that has roots in motor behavior. This approach emphasizes that cognition typically involves acting with a physical body on an environment in which that body is immersed.mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences & social judgement
86
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that confirms preconceptions
ex: picking news sources to align with beliefs
87
representative heuristic
to judge someone by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation
88
availability heuristic
making judgements based off of info that is readily available to us
89
counterfactual thinking
imagining alternative scenarios & outcomes that might have happened
EX: bronze medalists exhibit more joy than silver
90
illusory correlation
perception of a relationship where in reality there is none
91
impression management
conscious/unconscious orchestration of presentation to fit social goals
92
belief perserverance
persistence of initial conceptions, even when discredited
93
misinformation effect
people incorporate misinformation into memory of the event after witnessing it
94
implicit-association test (IAD)
used to measure implicit attitudes
- uses reaction times to measure speed people associate concepts
95
STUDY: Killing Begets Killing (Andy Martens)
would killing a few bugs increase a students willingness to kill bugs after trial?
those who thought they killed bugs killed more bugs during time period after study
96
selective exposure
tendency to seek information & media that agrees with one’s views & beliefs
97
insufficient justification
relieving dissonance by internally justifying behavior when external doesn’t
