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Physio Lecture > Test 1 Material > Flashcards

Test 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Half life of hormones

A

Monoamines - seconds
Peptides - minutes
Steroids - hours
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine - days

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2
Q

Two ways to control hormone secretion

A
  1. Endogenous rhythm (circadian rhythm)

2. Components of a negative feedback system

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3
Q

In downregulation, intracellular receptors can be degraded by ____

A

Proteases

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4
Q

In upregulation, intracellular receptors can be produced by ____

A

Gene expression (transcription and translation)

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5
Q

Four interactions of hormones

A
  1. Additive
  2. Synergistic
  3. Permissive
  4. Antagonistic
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6
Q

Name of posterior pit

A

Neurohypophysis

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7
Q

Another name for antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

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8
Q

Two hormones produced by post pit

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

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9
Q

Another name for the anterior pit

A

Adenohypohysis

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10
Q

Path from hypothalamus to ant pit

A

Hypothalamus –> peptide trophic hormones –> hypophyseal portal system –> ant pit –> peptide hormones (most are trophic hormones for endocrine glands)

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11
Q

Any hormone whose action is to cause another release of another hormone

A

Trophic hormone

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12
Q

Thyroglobulin is a protein containing lots of the amino acid _____

A

Tyrosine

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13
Q

T3 and T4 have the overall effect of increasing ____

A

Basal metabolic rate

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14
Q

The cells in between the follicles of a thyroid secrete ___

A

Calcitonin

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15
Q

Five steps of a neruon

A

Input, integratio, conduction, output, maintenance

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16
Q

Motor protein that drags vesicles of new membrane down the axon in an anterograde direction

A

Kinesin

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17
Q

Motor protein that drags vesicle of old membrane down the axon in a retrograde direction

A

Dynein

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18
Q

The action potential that appears to jump from node to node

A

Saltatory conduction

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19
Q

The release of a quantum of NT is an all or nothing event

A

Quantal release theory

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20
Q

Receptors for dopamine

A

D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6: G Protein

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21
Q

Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Gp protein: Alpha 2
G1 protein Beta 1, beta 2, beta 3
Gs protein

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22
Q

Receptors for acetylcholine

A

Nicotinic: EPSP channel
Muscarinic: G protein

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23
Q

Summation of PSP that arrive at different times

A

Temporal summation

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24
Q

Summation of PSP that arrive at different synapses

A

Spatial summation

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25
Q

An example of calcium being a second messenger

A

Myosin light chain kinase

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26
Q

Binding of calcium as a second messenger

A

Cooperative binding

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27
Q

Enzyme stimulated by Ca/CAM

A

Ca/CAM dependent protein kinase

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28
Q

Two important proteins of the G protein cycle

A

Guanosine diphosphate

Guanosine triphosphate

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29
Q

What causes the GTP to fall off of the alpha subunit?

A

GTP-ase activity

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30
Q

Makes cAMP from ATP

A

Adenylate cyclase

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31
Q

Makes AMP from cAMP

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

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32
Q

Increases or decreases adenylate cyclase

A

Inhibitory G protein

Simulatory G protein

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33
Q

What is the protein that cAMP stimulates?

A

Protein Kinase A

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34
Q

The two proteins that protein kinase A phosphorylates

A 
Glycogen synthase (inhibits)
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
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35
Q

What enzyme dephosphorylates glycoen synthase and phosphoylase kinase?

A

Protein phosphotase

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36
Q

A receptor that is an enzyme that is activated by the first message

A

Tyrosine kinase

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37
Q

Two types of tyrosine kinase

A

Insulin receptors and peptide growth factors

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38
Q

Receptors for the gaseous transmitter nitric oxide and ANH

A

Guanylate cyclase (formation of cGMP)

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39
Q

Receptors for acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic

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40
Q

Receptors for norepinephrine or epinephrine

A

Adrenergic

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41
Q

Two cholinergic receptors with meanings

A

Nicotinic (ligand gates ion channels causing depolarization)

Muscarinic (G protein)

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42
Q

Types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic are both G-protein linked receptor types

43
Q

Openings of Na+ and Ca++ channels

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP)

44
Q

Openings of K+ and Cl- cause what?

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSP)

45
Q

Summation of PSP that arrive at different times

A

Temporal summation

46
Q

Summation of PSP that arrive at different synapses

A

Spatial Summation

47
Q

This is the coding that represents the summation of the various PSP

A

Amplitude Coding

48
Q

What the amplitude coded information is translated into

A

Frequency coding

49
Q

Receptors that measure internal conditions

A

Visceral receptors

50
Q

Receptors that are responsible for measuring conscious perceptions

A

Somatic sensory receptors

51
Q

Control where the variable is only controlled by one receptor

A

Tonic control

52
Q

Control where the variable is controlled by two receptors

A

Antagonistic control

53
Q

The singnal released that shows that a variable is moving from the set point

A

Error signal

54
Q

The range within a variable may move within a set point

A

Normal range

55
Q

How off of the set point you can go

A

Sensitivity

56
Q

How good is the effector controlling the variable

A

Gain

57
Q

When thinking about a response makes the variable change from the set point (think –> react)

A

Feed forward control

58
Q

Increases the change in the variable

A

Positive feedback

59
Q

Enzyme pathways are _____ pathways

A

Catabolic pathways

60
Q

Examples of catabolic pathways

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Beta oxidation
  • Deamination
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Urea cycle
61
Q

The sequence of events in a negative feedback control system

A

Variable, receptor, afferent pathway, integrator, set point, efferent pathway, effector

62
Q

Transport through the membrane

A

Transcellular transport

63
Q

Transport through tight junctions

A

Paracellular transport

64
Q

The two sides of a epithelial transport (polarized cell morphology)

A 
Luminal membrane (brush border)
Basal-lateral membrane (blood side)
65
Q

When water moves across the epithelia through tight junctions

A

Leaky junctions (not tight junctions)

66
Q

Two kinds of control that will control the activity of the existing protein

A
  1. Allosteric Modulation

2. Covalent Modification

67
Q

DNA sequences involved in transciption

A
  • Protein coding sequence
  • Promoter
  • Operator
  • Activator sequence
68
Q

DNA binding proteins involved in the control of transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase
  • Repressor
  • Activator protein
69
Q

What does the allosteric effect always do?

A

Always increases transcription

Binds to a repressor to take off operator, binds to an activator to attach the activator to the activator sequence

70
Q

Activity increases when modulator binds

A

Positive allosteric modulator

71
Q

Activity decreases when modulator binds

A

Negative allosteric modulator

72
Q

Two types of covalent modification

A
  1. Phosphorylation

2. Cleavage

73
Q

an enzyme that phosphorylates

A

Protein kinase

74
Q

enzyme that dephosphorylates

A

Protein phosphatase

75
Q

cutting the peptide chain activates some enzymes

A

Cleavage

76
Q

An inactive enzyme awaiting activation by cleavage is called a ____

A

Zymogen

77
Q

Four types of chemical messages

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
Direct contact

78
Q

Keywords for direct contact

A
  • Message on outside of the secreting cell
79
Q

Keywords for neurocrine

A
  • Chemical synapse

- Message is called a neurotransmitter

80
Q

Keywords for paracrine

A
  • Secreting cell releases message into tissue fluid

- Secretes message to itself = autocrine

81
Q

Keywords for endocrine

A
  • Released message into blood stream
  • Chemical message is a hormone
  • Widespread, but slow communication
82
Q

The secreting cell releases the message because of its assessment of local conditions or intracellular conditions

A

Instrinsic control

83
Q

The secreting cell releases the message in response to signals from other cells

A

Extrinsic control

84
Q

Two ways of cell communication

A
  1. Electrical synapse

2. Secretion of chemical messages

85
Q

Two major mechanisms of cell surface receptors

A
  1. The receptor itself is a chemically gated channel

2. The receptor acts as a trigger for an intracellular second messenger system.

86
Q

Amplifying the cell signal in cells

A

Cascade amplification

87
Q

Catalyze the formation of cGMP

A

Guanylate cyclase

88
Q

What does Viagra do?

A

Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase, so it allows an increased concentration of cGMP in arteriole smooth muslces

89
Q

Two hormones that do not use the cAMP second messenger system, and what do they use?

A
  • TRH
  • Gonadotrophin RH

*Use the phosphotidyl inositol

90
Q

Cuased by interruption of the feedback, resulting in elevated TSH

A

Goiter

91
Q

Why are goiters caused?

A

Growth of the thyroid because of a buildup due to not enough Iodine

92
Q

4 types of glial cells and their functions

A

Microglia - WBC
Astrocytes - contribute to BBB (all purpose cells)
Oligodendrocytes - Make myelin sheath
Ependymal cells - secrete some CSF

93
Q

Typically where integration of the inputs is completed and AP are generated

A

Axon hillock

94
Q

Branches of an axon

A

Collaterals

95
Q

How many neurons does the body have?

A

100,000,000,000

96
Q

What does the equilibrium potential do?

A
  1. Gives the magnitude of the force of diffusion for that ion
  2. It tells us which way the membrane potential will change if the channels open for that ion
97
Q

What two things determine the membrane potential of a cell?

A

Concentration gradients and permeabilities

98
Q

At the spot where the AP is at its peak, what is happening?

A

Positive sodium ions are flowing into the axon (inward electric current)
*Must get out

99
Q

More current will flow down the axon if the axon is ____

A

Larger in diameter

100
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

A voltage change in the post synaptic cell that causes the cell to be more likely to fire action potentials, or cause it to release more neurotransmitter in any way

101
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

A voltage change in the post synaptic cell that causes the cell to be less likely to fire action potentials, or causes it to release less neurotransmitter in any way

102
Q

Graded potentials that can spread to the axon hillock. If the hillock reaches threshold, it produces action potentials.

A

Post synaptic potentials

103
Q

Neurotransmitter releases from the postganganglionic fibers occurs from ____ of the axons

A

Varicosities (Resembles paracrine = the NT is released not into a synapse, but into the tissue fluid of the target organ)

Physio Lecture (4 decks)

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