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Vertebrae Histology > Test 1 material > Flashcards

Test 1 material Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

State the 5 steps for tissue preparation

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Dehydration and clearing
  3. Embedding
  4. Sectioning and mounting
  5. Staining
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2
Q

What is the most commonly used stain?

A

H and E

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3
Q

What stains are commonly used for connective tissue?

A

Masson’s Trichrome, Mallory-Azan

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4
Q

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction stains:

A

secretions, basement membranes, and microvilli

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs and correlating the structure with function

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6
Q

Explain the difference between cells, fibers, and tubes in terms of their appearance

A

Cells: Variety of shapes & sizes, may be layered
Fibers: Solid structures found in connective, nervous, and muscle tissues
Tubes: Hollow, represents blood vessels, ducts, or glands

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7
Q

Transverse/cross section plane

A

Perpendicular to longitudinal a is

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8
Q

Longitudinal/saggital plane

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis

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9
Q

Oblique plane

A

Any cut that is not transverse or longitudinal - odd

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10
Q

In order to avoid misjudging section of a tube (# layers of a wall, etc) because of planes, what must you do?

A

examine whole/multiple cross sections of tube

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11
Q

What does the process of fixation do? What are the goals?

A

Goals:
1.Preserves the structure
2. Terminate cell metabolism
Process: using chemicals that permanently preserve the tissue structure (formaldehyde, alcohols, etc)

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12
Q

What does the process of dehydration accomplish? What are goals?

A 
Goals:
1. Makes tissues transparent
2. Allows embedding medium to penetrate tissue more easily
Process
1. Adding ethanol followed by xylene
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13
Q

What does process of embedding accomplish? What are goals?

A

Goals:
1. Allows for thin sections to be made while keeping tissue structure intact
Process: Embedding in paraffin(wax) or plastic polymer for sectioning (or tissue may be frozen for immediate medical diagnosis)

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14
Q

What does the process of staining accomplish? What are goals?

A

Goals:
1. Used to visualize cell structures
Process:
1. Dissolve paraffin if used because dyes are hydrophilic

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15
Q

How does specimen staining work chemically?

A

The dye binds to specific properties of biomolecules found in cells, tissues, and organs

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16
Q

Because specimen dye binds to specific biomolecules of cells, what must be true about the acidic/basic properties of both the dyes and the molecules?

A

Basic (catonic) stains = stain basophilic structures only

Acidic (anionic) stains = stain acidophilic structures only

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17
Q

The most common specimen stain in histology is

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

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18
Q

In H&E, list the colors of all the cell parts listed after staining is complete

Nuclei
Cytoplasm
Collagen
Muscles

A 
Nuclei = blue to purple
Cytoplasm = pink or red
Collagen = pink
Muscles = pink
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19
Q

Connective tissues are stained by which dyes

A

Mallory Azan Stain and Masson’s Trichrome

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20
Q

Why do we use Masson’s Trichrome stain instead of H&E?

A

Because it highlights connective tissue

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21
Q

Why would we use Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction instead of H&E?

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A

Because it highlights secretions, basement membranes, and microvilli

22
Q

Why would we use Elastic tissue stain instead of H&E?

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A

It highlights elastic fibers

23
Q

Why would we use Mallory-Azan stain instead of H&E?

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A

It highlights connective tissue

24
Q

Why would we use Wright/Giesma stain instead of H&E?

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A

It highlights blood cells

25
Why would we use Cajal's (Bielschowsky's)and Del Rio Hortega's methods (silver and gold stains) instead of H&E?
Highlights nervous tissue
26
Why would we use Osmic acid stain instead of H&E?
Highlights Lipids
27
Why would we use Iron Hematoxylin and Alcian Blue stains instead of H&E?
It stains connective tissue, mucus, muscle, and cell membrane structures
28
What is the difference between simple vs compound microscopes?
``` simple = 1 lens compound = multiple lenses ```
29
What is the resolving power (or resolution):
Ability of lens /optical system to produce separate images of closely positioned objects whether you can tell difference of 2 adjacent objects (2-point discrimination) depends on power of microscope
30
On a bright-field microscope, list what the parts below do/function ``` Light source Condenser lens Stage Objective lens Ocular lens ```
- Light source = illuminates specimen - Condenser lens: Focuses light on specimen - Stage: Where specimen is placed - Objective lens: Gathers light passing through specimen - Ocular lens: where image is examined
31
What cell structures can be visualized with bright-field microscopy?
- Nucleus - Cytoplasm - Cell membrane - Organelles (stain dependent, not typically seen w/ H&E)
32
How does a TEM microscope work?
- Uses a beam of electrons to produce an image | - Uses thin sections, 100um
33
Describe the light and dark areas of a TEM microscope
Light areas = where electrons pass through specimen | Dark areas = where electrons are absorbed or scattered
34
How does a scanning electron microscopy work?
uses electron beam to pass across the specimen surface - creates an image by detecting reflected or knocked-off electrons
35
Cytoplasm
The material within the living cell excluding nucleus
36
Plasma membrane
External boundary of cell - provides a selective barrier between the cell and outside world
37
Structure and function of nucleus
Nucleus enclosed by nuclear envelope, composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane. Houses chromosomes (DNA)
38
structure and function of mitochrondria
Composed of outer and inner membrane with intervening compartment between known s the inter-membrane space - Generates ATP using ETC - Assists in synthesis of certain lipids and proteins - Generate heat in brown fat instead of ATP
39
Structure and function of ER and RER
Smooth ER = synthesis of cholesterol and lipids and detoxification of certain drugs and toxins RER = continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. Functions in synthesis and modification of proteins that are able to be packaged
40
Structure and function of golgi apparatus
-Each golgi complex has a convex entry face = cis face, closer to nucleus concave exit face = trans face, closer toward cell membrane Packages and modifies macromolecules synthesized in RER
41
Structure and function of endosomes
Transports materials from Golgi to lyosomes - intermedicate stages in the formation of lyosomes
42
Structure and function of lyosomes
Intracellular digestion - degrade macrmolecules and phagocytosed particulate matter, contain various hydrolytic enzymes
43
Structure and function of perioxisomes
Get rid of hydrogen peroxide wastes in the cell
44
Structure and function of ribosomes
Small, non-membraneous and exisst as individual particles. Composed of proteins and r-RNA, synthesizes protein
45
Structure and function of basal bodies
a cylindrical organelle, within the cytoplasm of flagellated and ciliated cells, that contains microtubules and forms the base of a flagellum or cilium: identical in internal structure to a centriole.
46
Structure and function of centrioles
Centrioles are an organelle inside animal cells that are made of microtubules and are involved in cilia, flagella and cell division.
47
Structure and function of centrosomes
They are made from two centrioles. The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division.
48
Structure and function of cytoplasmic inclusions
Cytoplasmic inclusions (lipids, glycogen, secretory granules, pigments) constituents of the cytoplasm
49
Microfilaments
Function in movement of cells from one place to another and within cell itself - forms core of microvilli
50
Intermediate filaments
Provide strucutral framework to cell resisting mechanical stress placed on cells, and forms shape of cell
51
Microtubules
The "highway" to get things from one place to another " - forms mitotic spindles, cilia, and flagella
52
Cilia
involvement in intracellular transport, to propel sperm or clear airway mucus

Vertebrae Histology (1 decks)

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