Test 1 Module 1

Question 1

Building blocks of DNA?

Answer 1

nucleotides

Question 2

DNA is stored in _____ (organelle) in the _______

Answer 2

chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 3

Sequence of DNA that encodes a functional product

Answer 3

Gene

Question 3

Humans are _____ organisms.

Answer 3

diploid

Question 4

An organism with 2 chromosome sets (2n) are known as

Answer 4

diploid

Question 5

N for humans is?

Answer 5

23

Question 6

For diploid cells, chromosomes occur in ________ pairs

Answer 6

homologous

Question 7

_____ has 1 chromosome set (n)

Answer 7

halpid

Question 8

Haploid cells are human ______

Answer 8

gametes

Question 9

Order of cell cycle

Answer 9

G0, G1, S, G2, M

Question 10

G1 explained

Answer 10

cell growth, synthesis of new proteins, organelles, etc…

Question 11

S

Answer 11

synthesis phase, all DNA is replicated

Question 12

G2

Answer 12

gap 2- more cell grwoth, synthesis of new proteins, organelles, etc.

Question 13

M

Answer 13

mitosis or meisosis- cell divides and several substages

Question 14

What kind of stem cells continuously go through the cell cycle

Answer 14

Hematopoietic (produce all blood cells)

Question 15

Neurons and Cardiomyocytes never divide and spend their life in ____ phase.

Answer 15

G0

Question 16

Is a chromosome a single or double structure?

Answer 16

single

Question 17

Chromosome is composed of a pair of _____

Answer 17

sister chromatids (dyads)

Question 18

T/F: a sister chromatids is considered two separate structures that are identical.

Answer 18

FALSE, it is only 2 identical copies making up 1 singular structure.

Question 19

Metaphase

Answer 19

chromosomes align end-to-end along the metaphase plate (MEET)

Question 20

Anaphase

Answer 20

sister chromatids separate and go to opposite poles (Think of how the A separates at the bottom)

Question 21

Telophase

Answer 21

When nuclear envelope forms around chromosmes, and chromosomes decondense (the line on T separates)

Question 22

Cytokinesis

Answer 22

goes with telophase, and cells divide the cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells.

Question 23

Meiosis

Answer 23

diploid cell divides to produce 4 haploid gametes. (in sexual reproduction 2 haploid gametes unite to create a new diploid organism) (2 haploid make a diploid)

Question 24

Meiosis I stages

Answer 24

prophase 1, metaohse 1, anaphase 1, telophase, and cytokinesis (pleas enote: meiosis II is the same exceot prophase II starts wth only 1 chromosome set, there is no bivalents or crossing over

Question 25

Prophase I

Answer 25

chromosomes condense - homologous chromosomes synapse to form a BIVALENT -crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids -chromatids attached at crossover points called chiasma

Question 26

Metaphase I

Answer 26

bivalents align end-to-end along the metaphase plate

Question 27

anaphase I

Answer 27

Homologous chromosomes separate to different poles of the cell

Question 28

Telophase and cytokinesis

Answer 28

chromsomes decondense nuclear envelope reforms cytoplasm is divided to produce 2 haploid cells

Question 29

Gametogenesis

Answer 29

spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Question 30

Spermatogenesis

Answer 30

occurs in the tested, production of sperm cells Begins at sexual maturity and occurs continuously throughout the male's life. (specialized sperm like cells- spermatogonial cells) - divide every 16 dayes and produce spermatogonial cells (this will undergoi mitosis) and primary spermatocytes

Question 31

OOgenesis

Answer 31

occurs in ovaries, primary oocytes begin meiosis before birth and halt in prophase I - at sequal maturity one pirmary oocyte resumes meiosis each menstrual cycle -It compketes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body The secondary oocyte halts at metaphase II and is released from the ovary. Meiosis II only completes if the oocyte is fertilized (otherwise it never completes)

Question 32

An abnormal number of chromosomes occurs more frequently in ______

Answer 32

eggs cells

Question 33

Why does chromosome number abnormality occur more frequently in egg cells?

Answer 33

Though to be related to the extended time that gametes are arrested in meiosis Chance increases with maternal age though remains relatively low up to 45+

Question 34

New mutations are more common in ______

Answer 34

sperm cells, because mutations are introduced during DNA replication. Male germ-line cells divide continuously so, there is mreo opportunity for new mutations to be introduced. Chance increases with paternal age.