Test 1: NTs

Question 1

Psychopharmacology

Answer 1

Study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and Bx

Question 2

Drugs never “create” effects…

Answer 2

They “modulate on-going activity of cells”

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

the study of drug absorption, distribution within the body, and drug elimination

Question 4

Drug absorption

Answer 4

Depends on the route of administration

Question 5

Drug distribution

Answer 5

Depends on how soluble the drug molecule is in fat and the extent to which the drug binds to blood proteins

Question 6

Drug elimination

Answer 6

Excretion into urine and/or by inactivation by enzymes in the liver

Question 7

Intraperitoneal (IP)

Answer 7

Drug administration into the gut (used in lab animals)

Question 8

Dose-response (DR) curve

Answer 8

Depicts the relation between drug dose and magnitude of drug effect

Question 9

Therapeutic index

Answer 9

the effectiveness of a drug relative to its safety
(Textbook def: the ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals

Question 10

Why do drugs vary in their effectiveness?

Answer 10

sites of action and the affinity of a drug with its site of action

Question 11

Agonist

Answer 11

Any drug with mimics or potentiates the effect of a particular NT

Question 12

Full Agonist

Answer 12

Has similar structure and therefore has similar effect as NT

Question 13

Partial Agonist

Answer 13

Similar enough to bind to receptor but can only open some channels

Question 14

Antagonist

Answer 14

Drug binds to receptors but has no phamacological properties of its own

Question 15

Competitive Antagonist

Answer 15

Drug competes for available receptors and displaces NTs

Question 16

Noncompetitive Antagonist

Answer 16

Interferes with transmission

Question 17

“Any agonist whose dose is too high can become an ___”

Answer 17

Antagonist

Question 18

Where do precursors come from?

Answer 18

Diet

Question 19

How are precursors converted into NTs?

Answer 19

Synthetic enzymes

Question 20

List 5 actions agonists do

Answer 20

1) Add precursor (dietary supplement)
2) Increase NT (only if it can cross BBB)
3) Block reuptake
4) Block metabolic enzyme
5) Mimetic-Binds to receptor and opens channel like NT

Question 21

List 5 actions antagonists do

Answer 21

1) Dietary depletion of precursor
2) Block synthetic enzyme
3) Make synaptic vesicles “leaky”
4) Block release of NT
5) Blocking agent (competitive and noncompetitive)

Question 22

Function of Acetylcholine

Answer 22

• Movement-activates muscle at neuromuscular junction
• Attention
• Arousal
• Motivation
• Learning and memory
• Consciousness and REM Sleep

Question 23

Where are ACh muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 23

• Heart and smooth muscle

- More abundant in cerebral cortex (Metabotropic receptors)

Question 24

Nicotinic receptors are found in…

Answer 24

skeletal muscle

Question 25

3 monoamine transmitters (catecholamines)

Answer 25

Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI)

Question 26

What is the function of dopamine?

Answer 26

- Movement - Pleasure/reward - Attention/learning

Question 27

Are dopamine receptors metabotropic?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What is a substance that degrades dopamine in the axon terminal?

Answer 28

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 29

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 29

- delusions - hallucinations - thought disorder

Question 30

Incidence rate of schiz? | Gender differences in incidence?

Answer 30

1%. | No gender differences

Question 31

Negative symptoms of schiz?

Answer 31

- Poverty of speech and low initiative | - Social withdrawal and diminished affect

Question 32

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 32

"Positive symptoms of schiz involve overactivity of brain DA synapses"

Question 33

Revised DA Theory

Answer 33

"Excessive DA transmission in the mesolimbic DA system causes the + symptoms of schiz, while decreased DA transmission in the mesocortical DA system is responsible for the - symptoms"

Question 34

Hypofrontality

Answer 34

Decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 35

Describe how abuse of PCP produces + and - symptoms of schiz

Answer 35

+: related to indirect actions of PCP on accumbens DA | -: related to decreased DA utilization in prefrontal cortex following PCP treatment