Test 1:P5,P6,P7 Flashcards
(21 cards)
The Central Dogma
DNA codes for RNA, RNA
codes for Protein
DNA is the instruction
manual
RNA is scratch paper
(temporary)
Protein is the machine
Central dogma-Thing we think we know that work repeatedly
Example: Egg chicken cell sit on top of yolk and they eat it and all that information in in the chickens DNA(Yolk is lipids,Albumin is protein, DNA instruct chicken cell to code on how to make a chicken)
Example: All the information on how to make you is in your DNA(sperm cell to you)
How does one cell have DNA for the entire body
Each cell has the same DNA, but different sections of the
DNA are read by RNA polymerase to produce different
proteins.
When you look at a person, almost all of what you see
(not clothing) is protein.
Cell regulate gene to produce the protein we need to function
Cell make descion on what is being expressed
Indepth Version of the central dogma
DNA is converted to RNA by
RNA polymerase (enzyme protein), and RNA is
converted to protein by ribosomes (organelle made of
RNA and protein.
What is Transcription(basic)
DNA to RNA = transcription
What is translation(basic)
RNA to Protein= translation.
Yeast RNA Experiment
Goal:How many RNA in cell
Experiment:Agrose gel separated 3 types of RNA found in a cell. White fluorescence indicates the presences of RNA(molecular weight markers)
Results: Found that there were 3 types of RNA in yeast cell
Biggest is rRNA-mRNA-tRNA is the smallest
Ribsomone Structure
2 part of ribosomes which big subunit and small subunit( both made of protein and RNA)(
RNA is structural and function within the ribosomes structure
Ribosomes are made up of RNA and Protein
The RNA that they are made of is ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
There has 10 million ribosomes in a cell
Why it has two subunit-Come together to do it job and make protein and fall apart when done
Three types of RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that makes up the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA) and Messenger RNA (mRNA) involved in translation
What is tRNA structure
Made of (P,N,C,O)
Not made of protein just RNA
The bottom has anticodon on the bottom which bind to codon on mrNA
The top of the structure (It structure is antiparallel meaning it has end) of 5’(PO4) and 3’(OH), the amino acid connect to the 3’ spot
If you have 1000 amino acid how many codon, anticodons, and nuc,itues do you have
1000 amino acids=1000 codons=1000 anitcodons=3000 nuclitoides
Step of Central Dogma part 1
Transcription
1.Gene Code for DNA
2.One strand of DNA is used called the antisense with 3’ to 5’
3.mRNA codes from antisense strand(template strand)(A to U) and is 5’ to 3’(This called primary transrip)
4.mRNA get process cutting introns and keeping exons(you can get more than 1 MRNA from 1 gene)(Process developed because you get a lot of variety)(Can arrange different part of the exons to create different protein)
Translation
5.processed Mrna leave the nucleus through nuclear port
6.Small Subunit on ribosome look for start codon(AUG)( but at 5’ their are UTR before AUG and even UTR at the 3’ of mRNA)
7.tRNA has methionine and checks AUG of mRNA to UAC of it anti condon, the trNA is 3’ to 5’ the (TRNA attaches to MRNA through hydrogen bond)
8.The tRNA move to P site and grow the chain if (Match)
9.tRNA has amino acid attached and move to A site to have amino acid removed
10:Empty tRNA move to E site and get kicks out
11.Stop site and the small and large subunit of the ribosome comes apart and protein get releases from Ribosomes
How does the primary strand of mRNA compare to the one that has been processes
The primary strand bigger and the process strand is smaller because the intron has been cut out in the process strand
only 5 percent of DNA codes for protein
How are protein made
Ribosome removes water and 2 amino acid binf togther through a peptide bond(covalent bond)(O-H3N+) to make a new dipeptide
Protein maker Experiment(Protein from amino acid)
Goal: Find what ingredient do you need to make protein
Experiment: Put in ingredients into tube and band showing up means protein is being made
Results:What you need to make protein
-ATP
-tRNA
-ribosomes
-mRNA
-amino Acids
When you omit chromosomes, DNA is still being produced because you don’t use DNA is translation and if you already habe mRNA than you don’t need DNA for anything
If I have a protein that is 100 amino acids long, how long could the mRNA be
100 amino acids=100 codon=300 nucleotides
however, the mRNA is more than just codon it has UTR regions, so it is more than 300 nucleotides
What does AUG always code for/ the first protein to code for
methionine
Protein have end of what
Protein-Amino acid has an amino group NH3 group on one end and carboxyl group R-C both double bond with C are O and OH
Protein have beginning and end
Methionine with amino hanging off of it
What is the reading Frame and what happens if you mess it up
Teh reading frame is when 3 codons are read at a time but if you remove one letter of the bases like in mutation then all the codons are wrong. Another thing that happens is that you run into a stop codon before you are suppose too and you can’t make that protein anymore.(This is how crisper works)
The Experiment that Decoding the First Codon
Goal:FInd out what was the first codon
Experiment: Marshall Nirenberg did the very first experiment tested UUUUUUU to see which amino acid was encoded…..
Marshall Nirenberg
-Made fake RNA with just u with ribosomes and trna goo to make the amino acid
He did this over and over again to make a wheel to get what amino acid based on 3 nucleotides based arrangments
-If you know the DNA you can set the RNA and know what amino acid it codes for
What is A condon Chart
1) First base center
2) Second middle ring
3) Third outer ring
How sites work in Central Dogma
1 trna moves to P site with amino acid to grow chains
2another thrna move to a site with new amino acid to match anti condon with condon on mrna
3The polypeptide on the tna in site p move on the trna in site A
4.The trna from P site move to E site to get push out of ribosome
5.The trna in A site move to P site for the process to happen all over again
6.Then move to the 3’ side of mrna until it come to a stop condon
amino acid chain is released from ribosomes
