TEST 1 - PICTURE DECK

Question 1

Answer 1

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 2

Answer 2

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 3

Answer 3

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 4

Answer 4

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 5

Answer 5

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 6

Answer 6

1. Inion
2. Vertebral border of Scapula
3. Inferior Angle of Scapula
4. Spine of Scapula
5. Acromion Process
6. Clavicle
7. Coracoid Process
8. Brachial Pulse
9. Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
10. Olecranon process of the ulna
11. T12 Spinous Process
12. Sternum

Question 7

Define and explain a lever and an anatomic lever.

Answer 7

Lever - two forces (effort and resistance) around a pivot. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class levers.

Most body levers are third class levers - example, swimming. Shoulder is fulcrum and arm is lever.

Question 8

List, give examples of, and identify types of bones in relation to structure bony shape.

Answer 8

Long bone - longer than it is wide, tube with a bulb. Femur, humerus

Short bone - Cube shape (equal dimensions) Carpals, Tarsals

Flat bone - Broad surface, not thick, curved surface Ileum, Scapula

Irregular bone - Mixed shapes, don’t fit into any other category vertebrae

Sesamoid - Shaped like seame seeds, encased in tendons where they change pull angles Patella

Question 9

Idenitfy/recognize and define all generic terms related to to surface structures (bony markings) found on bones

Answer 9

Question 10

List and identify the stuctural components of bone and identify the function for each.

Answer 10

epiphysis is the area at each end of a long bone. Longitudinal growth occurs here
through the manufacturing of new bone.

diaphysis - main shaft, gives bone strength

medullary canal - is hollow, which decreases the weight of the bone. This canal contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries.

endosteum - a membrane that lines the medullary canal. It contains osteoclasts, which are mainly responsible for bone resorption.

periosteum - the thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces that are covered with hyaline cartilage. The periosteum contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment, promoting growth in diameter of immature bone, and repairing the bone. It also serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

metaphysis - the flared part at each end of the diaphysis, made up mostly of cancellous bone and functions to support the epiphysis.

Question 11

Define the mechanical axis of bone

Answer 11

Straight line connecting proximal/distal joints.

• Always straight line in sagittal/frontal plane
• Can be from 1 joint to another or multiple joints

Question 12

List the functions of the skeletal system (6)

Answer 12

1. Rigid framework for the human body
2. Gives support and shape to the body
3. Protects vital organs
4. Assists in Movement by serving as the structure for attachment and leverage
5. Manufactures blood cells (ilium, vertebra, sternum and ribs)
6. Stores calcium and mineral salts

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

KYPHOSIS - Define and Discuss

Question 34

Define and discuss Lordosis

Answer 34

Abnormally increased cruve of the lumbar spine. Layman's term is "swayback"

Question 35

Define and discuss scoliosis

Answer 35

Pathological condition - any amount of lateral curve in the spine.

Question 36

Discuss intervertebral discs

Answer 36

Intervertebral discs articulate and separate the vertebra. Their main function is to transmit shock and maintain flexibility. The disks make up 25% of the vertebral column length

Question 37

Define Arthrokinematics and how it can be observed

Answer 37

The study of movement occurring within the joints and between the articular surfaces of the bones. It can be observed by knowing the shape of the articular surfaces and observing the direction of movement of the bone.

Question 38

Regardless of join classificaiton, the shape of all articular surfaces of synovial joints is.. Give Example.

Answer 38

To varying degrees, either concave or convex, even if the articiulations are classified as a plane. Example: Acetabulum is concave and femur is convex

Question 39

Two types of articular motion

Answer 39

Glide (car sliding on an icy surface) Roll (car tire rolling on the ground)

Question 40

Decreased motion at a joint is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. With _______ being more significant.

Answer 40

decreased glide and rolll. Decreased glide being more significant

Question 41

The therapist determines the normal direction of glide at a joint for a specific movement by the following 3 things:

Answer 41

1. Knowing the shape of the moving articular surface (described at the beginning of each chapter). 2. Observing the direction of movement of the bone during the assessment of the PROM. 3. Applying the concave–convex rule.

Question 42

The Concave-Convex rule states that:

Answer 42

a. When a convex joint surface moves on a fixed concave surface, the convex joint surface glides in the opposite direction to the movement of the shaft of the bone. b. When a concave joint surface moves on a fixed convex surface, the concave joint surface glides in the same direction as the movement of the shaft of the bone

Question 43

Discuss Spin:

Answer 43

the third type of movement that occurs between articular surfaces is a rotary motion that occurs around an axis. During normal joint ROM, spin may occur alone or accompany roll and glide. Spin occurs alone during flexion and extension at the shoulder and hip joints, and pronation and supination at the humeroradial joint. Spin occurs in conjunction with roll and glide during flexion and extension at the knee joint.

Question 44

When are the AROM and PROM assessment techniques contraindicated if? Given an example.

Answer 44

where muscle contraction (i.e., in the case of AROM) or motion of the part (i.e., in the case of either AROM or PROM) could disrupt the healing process or result in injury or deterioration of the condition. EXAMPLES: 1. If motion to the part will cause further damage or interrupt the healing process immediately after injury or surgery. 2. If the therapist suspects a subluxation or dislocation or fracture.

Question 45

Take extra care when assessing AROM and PROM when:

Answer 45

1. In painful conditions. 2. In the presence of an inflammatory process in a joint or the region around a joint. 3. In patients taking medication for pain or muscle relaxants, because the patient may not be able to respond appropriately and movement may be performed too vigorously. 4. In the presence of marked osteoporosis or in conditions where bone fragility is a factor, perform PROM with extreme care or not at all. 5. In assessing a hypermobile joint. 6. In patients with hemophilia. 7. In the region of a hematoma, especially at the elbow, hip, or knee. 8. In assessing joints if bony ankylosis is suspected. 9. After an injury where there has been a disruption of soft tissue (i.e., tendon, muscle, ligament). 10. In the region of a recently healed fracture. 11. After prolonged immobilization of a part.

Question 46

Assessment of the AROM can provide the following patient information:

Answer 46

* Willingness to move * Level of consciousness * Ability to follow instructions * Attention span * Coordination * Joint ROM * Movements that cause or increase pain * Muscle strength * Ability to perform functional activities

Question 47

AROM may be decreased due to the following patient factors:

Answer 47

* Unwillingness to move * Inability to follow instructions * Restricted joint mobility * Muscle weakness * Pain

Question 48

Assessment of AROM is followed by:

Answer 48

An assessment of PROM and muscle strength.

Question 49

Assessment of the PROM provides information about the following:

Answer 49

* Amount of movement possible at the joint * Factors responsible for limiting movement * Movements that cause or increase pain

Question 50

PROM is usually _________ than AROM, becuase...

Answer 50

* Greater * due to the decreased bulk of relaxed muscles - also the presence of muscle weakness

Question 51

To assess the PROM...

Answer 51

stabilize the proximal joint segment(s) and move the distal joint segment(s) through the full PROM (Fig. 1-25) and do the following: * Visually estimate the PROM * Determine the quality of the movement throughout the PROM * Determine the end feel and factors that limit the PROM * Note the presence of pain * Determine whether a capsular or noncapsular pattern of movement is present

Question 52

The factors that normally limit movement and determine the range of the PROM at a joint include:

Answer 52

* The stretching of soft tissues (i.e., muscles, fascia, and skin) * The stretching of ligaments or the joint capsule * The apposition of soft tissues * Bone contacting bone

Question 53

The end feel is...

Answer 53

the sensation transmitted to the therapist’s hand at the extreme end of the PROM that indicates the structures that limit the joint movement.18 The end feel may be normal (physiological) or abnormal (pathological).19

Question 54

Facet

Answer 54

Small, flat surface on a bone. Facets are found on the thoracic vertebraeat the rib attacment point.

Question 55

The skull is made of how many bones?

Answer 55

21

Question 56

1. Using descriptive terminology, complete the following: a. The sternum is ___________________ to the vertebral column. b. The calcaneus is on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ portion of the foot. c. The hip is ___________________ to the chest. d. The femur is ___________________ to the tibia. e. The radius is on the ___________________ side of the forearm.

Answer 56

a. Anterior b. inferior c. posterior d. proximal e. lateral

Question 57

2. When a football is kicked through the goalposts, what type of motion is being demonstrated by the football? By the kicker?

Answer 57

Football = curvilinear Kicker = angular

Question 58

3. Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves what joint motion?

Answer 58

Neck Hyperextension

Question 59

Putting your hand in your back pocket involves what shoulder joint rotation?

Answer 59

Shoulder medial rotation

Question 60

Picking up a pencil on the floor beside your chair involves what trunk joint motion?

Answer 60

Picking up a pencil on the floor beside your chair involves what trunk joint motion?

Question 61

Putting your right ankle on your left knee involves what type of hip rotation?

Answer 61

Hip lateral rotation

Question 62

What is the only difference between anatomical position and fundamental position?

Answer 62

Anatomical - Palms are supinated Fundamental - Palms are neutral

Question 63

8. If you place your hand on the back of a dog, that is referred to as what surface? If you place your hand on the back of a person, that is referred to as what surface?

Answer 63

Back of dog = dorsal Back of person = posterior

Question 64

9. A person wheeling across a room in a wheelchair uses both linear and angular motion. Describe when each type of motion is being used.

Answer 64

Angular includes the shoulder, elbow, and wrist movement of the person wheeling the chair. Linear movement is the movement of the wheelchair across the floor.

Question 65

10. A person lying on a bed staring at the ceiling is in what position?

Answer 65

Supine

Question 66

11. When touching the left shoulder with the left hand, is a person using the contralateral or ipsilateral hand?

Answer 66

Ipsilateral (same side)

Question 67

Refer to Figure 1-15 below. 12. Identify the three main positions of the left hip. 13. What is the position of the left knee? 14. What is the position of the right forearm? 15. Identify the two main positions of the neck (not the head).

Answer 67

12. Left Hip Flexion, Adduction, Lateral Rotation 13. Left Knee Extension 14. Right Foremarm Supination 15. Neck extension, rotation to the left

Question 68

1. What are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

Answer 68

The axial skeleton contains no long or short bones, whereas the appendicular skeleton contains no irregular bones. The bones of the axial skeleton are particularly important in providing support and protection; the appendicular skeleton provides the framework for movement.

Question 69

Give one example of compact bone and one of cancellous bone.

Answer 69

Compact bone is found in the diaphysis of long bones, and cancellous bone is found in the metaphysis and epiphysis. In other types of bone, cancellous bone is found sandwiched between layers of compact bone.

Question 70

Which is heavier, compact bone or cancellous bone? Why?

Answer 70

Compact bone is heavier than cancellous bone because it is less porous.

Question 71

What type of bone is mainly involved in an individual’s growth in height? In what portion of the bone does this growth occur?

Answer 71

An individual’s height growth occurs mainly in long bones. The growth occurs at the epiphysis of long bones.

Question 72

What is purpose of sesamoid bone?

Answer 72

Sesamoid bones protect tendons from excess wear. The patella has the additional function of increasing the angle of pull of the quadriceps muscle.

Question 73

6. Name the bone markings that can be classified as a. depressions and openings; b. projections or processes that fit into joints; c. projections or processes that attach connective tissue.

Answer 73

a. Foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, sinus b. Condyle, eminence, facet, head c. Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

Question 74

In Questions 7–9, classify the bone markings. 7. Bicipital groove 8. Humeral head 9. Acetabulum

Answer 74

7. Bicipital groove: ditchlike depression 8. Humeral head: rounded articular projection that fits into a joint 9. Acetabulum: deep depression

Question 75

10. What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal?

Answer 75

Endosteum

Question 76

The main shaft of bone is called what?

Answer 76

Diaphysis

Question 77

In children, does long bone growth occur at a traction epiphysis or at a pressure epiphysis?

Answer 77

Pressure epiphysis

Question 78

Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Answer 78

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 79

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Answer 79

Appendicular

Question 80

15. Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Answer 80

Axial

Question 81

2. You are handed a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra. What identifying features help you distinguish among them?

Answer 81

The cervical vertebra has a bifid spinous process, and there is a foramen in the transverse process. Thethoracic vertebra has a long slender, downwardpointing spinous process with rib facets on thebody and transverse processes; the superior articular processes face posteriorly. The lumbar vertebra has a large spinous process pointing straight back; the superior articular processes face medially.

Question 82

1. If a person had an excessive cervical lordosis, would you expect the cervical extensors or flexors to be tight?

Answer 82

1. Cervical extensors

Question 83

2. Which position—side, front, or back—would be best to assess the condition in question 1?

Answer 83

The side view

Question 84

List the five functions of the skeletal system

Answer 84

1. Gives support and shape to the body 2. Protects vital organs 3. Assists in movement 4. Manufactures blood cells 5. Stores calcium and mineral salts

Question 85

Are following parts part of Appendicular or Axial Skeleton? ## Footnote 1. Arms 2. Head 3. Vertebrae 4. Lower extremity

Answer 85

1. Appendicular 2. Axial 3. Axial 4. Appendicular

Question 86

Describe Compact Bone

Answer 86

Hard, dense oouter shell on a bone. Thick on the long shaft or a bone, thin on the ends.

Question 87

Describe cancellous bone

Answer 87

Pourous and spongy - arrnged in a pattern to resist stresses and strains.

Question 88

Bone is made of up of how much _______ organic material and __________ inorganic material.

Answer 88

1/3 2/3

Question 89

Where are osteoclasts located?

Answer 89

In the endosteum (lines the medullary canal).

Question 90

Label the parts below:

Answer 90

Question 91

Which of the following is located at the ends of long bones?

Answer 91

Pressure epiphysis

Question 92

What covers most of a bone's surface, and what is it's purpose?

Answer 92

Periosteum - it provides nourishment, and aids in growth and repair.

Question 93

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

Answer 93

Epiphyseal plate

Question 94

What are the characteristics of compact bone? Of cancellous bone?

Answer 94

1. Hard and dense, covers outside of bone 2. Porous and spongy, inside portion of bone

Question 95

Discuss Intervertebral disk

Answer 95

1. Articulates adjoining vertebrae 2. 23 of them between C2 and tail bone 3. Absorb/transmit shock, and provide flexibility 4. 25% of spine length

Question 96

How should you describe joint motion? What is an exception?

Answer 96

Don't use body segments to describe joint motion. Flexion occurs at shoulder, not arm. Arm just along for the ride. Exception: Forearm pronation and supination