Test 1 Questions

Question 1

Explain why Koch’s development of semi-solid growth medium was key to demonstrating that a particular microorganism caused a specific disease.

Answer 1

By being able to create a pure culture rather than a mixed culture of a specific microorganism using a semi-solid growth medium, Koch was able to test on a healthy organism what particular microorganism caused the specific disease from the infected organism.

Question 2

Explain how the presence of nitrate allows some organisms to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. (Not simply the name of the process; explain how it works.)

Answer 2

In the absence of oxygen the presence of nitrate allows anaerobic respiration to create ATP. Using the electron transport chain as the final electron acceptor nitrate is accepted and goes through the process of turning nitrate into ATP rather than using oxygen that is not available.

Question 3

Electron-carrying molecules that move between enzymes are called:

Answer 3

coenzymes

Question 4

Glycolysis produces ATP via ____ phosphorylation.

Answer 4

substrate-level

Question 5

On a ____ plate, a sample is diluted directly on the plate to produce isolated colonies.

Answer 5

T-streak

Question 6

In bright field microscopy _____ between the cells and the background is generated through the absorption or scattering of light.

Answer 6

contrast

Question 7

Organisms growing with pyruvate as their carbon source must carry out ___ to produce 6-carbon sugars.

Answer 7

gluconeogenesis

Question 8

A tiny stylus positioned so close to a specimen that weak repulsive forces are established is used in ____ microscopy.

Answer 8

atomic force

Question 9

Extremophile organisms are often members of the domain ____.

Answer 9

archaea

Question 10

Heavy metal stains are using in sample preparation for _____ microscopy.

Answer 10

electron

Question 11

The proton motive force is used to generate ATP via the process called ___ phosphorylation.

Answer 11

oxidative

Question 12

Proteobacteria that underwent endosymbiosis produced ____ in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 12

a mitochondria

Question 13

Haploid organisms contain how many copies of their genome per cell?

Answer 13

One

Question 14

Together, the processes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle convert the carbon of glucose into ____.

Answer 14

CO2

Question 15

The part of a cell’s metabolism that produces new building blocks for cell growth is called:

Answer 15

Anabolism

Question 16

Organisms that harvest light energy and convert CO2 into organic carbon are called:

Answer 16

Photoautotrophs

Question 17

What scientist formally disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

Answer 17

Pasteur

Question 18

Altering which of the following would NOT have an effect on the resolution of a light microscope?
1)Staining technique used
2)Wavelength of light used
3)Numerical aperture of the lens
4)light gathering ability of the lens
5)use of an oil immersion lens

Answer 18

Staining technique used

Question 19

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, Chloroplasts are thought to have originated from:
1)Cyanobacteria
2) Yeast
3)Hyperthermophiles
4)Proteobacteria

Answer 19

Cyanobacteria

Question 20

Which of the following is a prosthetic group involved in respiration?
1)FeS cluster
2)NAHD
3)FAD+
4)Cytochrome C

Answer 20

FeS cluster

Question 21

Vaccines for the prevention of anthrax and rabies were first developed by:
1)Koch
2)Jenner
3)Hooke
4)Pasteur

Answer 21

Pasteur

Question 22

An organism utilizes inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. This organism would be classified as a:
1)chemoheterotroph
2)chemolithoautotroph
3)photoautotroph
4)photoheterotroph
5)chemoorganotroph

Answer 22

Chemolithoautotroph

Question 23

Glycolysis is the process of converting ____.
1)CO2 to glucose
2)starch to glucose
3)pyruvate to CO2
4)glucose to pyruvate
5)glucose to ATP

Answer 23

glucose to pyruvate

Question 24

Nucleotides contain multiple nitrogen atoms. During biosynthesis of nucleotides, the nitrogen atoms are derived from:
1)Ammonium ions
2) Amino acids
3)Nitrate
4)Nucleotides taken up from the medium
5)Nitrogen gas fixation

Answer 24

Amino acids

Question 25

Select the TRUE statement about enzymes. 1)Enzymes increase the amount of activation energy required to achieve the transition state. 2)Enzymes determine the direction of the reactions that they catalyze. 3)Enzymes always use ATP to drive reactions forward 4)Enzymes are not consumed during their reactions.

Answer 25

Enzymes are not consumed during their reactions.

Question 26

If a chemoorganotroph grows without external terminal electron acceptors, it likely carries out: 1)Aerobic respiration 2)Anaerobic respiration 3)Fermentation 4)Photophosphorylation

Answer 26

Fermentation

Question 27

Studies by Beijerinck and Winogradsky did NOT demonstrate which of the following? 1)Chemolithotrophy to obtain energy 2)Fixation of CO2 is not always associated with photosynthesis 3)Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into cellular nitrogen 4)Photolithotrophy to obtain energy

Answer 27

Photolithotrophy to obtain energy

Question 28

Eukarya can be differentiated from all other organisms based on: 1)The structure of their lipids 2)The presence of a nucleus 3)The first amino acid in their proteins 4)The presence of a cytoplasmic membrane 5)All of the above

Answer 28

The presence of a nucleus

Question 29

Who was the first person to create a microscope powerful enough to observe bacteria? 1)Robert Hooke 2)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 3)Joseph Lister 4)Robert Koch 5)Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 29

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 30

The average diameter of most common bacterial cells is: 1)1000 micrometers 2)100 micrometers 3)10 micrometers 4)1 micrometer 5)0.1 micrometer

Answer 30

1 micrometer

Question 31

In a Redox reaction, the electron acceptor becomes: 1)Reduced 2)Oxidized 3)Carboxylated 4)Positively charged 5)Hydrophobic

Answer 31

Reduced

Question 32

What type of microscopy is commonly used to determine the location of a specific protein within a cell? 1)Bright field microscopy 2)Fluorescence microscopy 3)Dark field microscopy 4)Phase contrast microscopy 5)Atomic force microscopy

Answer 32

Fluorescence microscopy

Question 33

During the process of fermentation: 1)The electron transport chain is utilized 2)Coenzymes are oxidized 3)Oxygen is a required component 4)A large quantity of ATP is generated

Answer 33

Coenzymes are oxidized

Question 34

Which of the following is FALSE concerning viruses? 1)Viruses may have DNA or RNA as their nucleic acid 2)Viruses do not have ribosomes or cytoplasm 3)Viruses have a protein capsid 4)Viruses must infect a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell in order to reproduce 5)None of the above are false statements

Answer 34

None of the above are false statements

Question 35

Select the FALSE statement. Dark field microscopy: 1)has better resolution than bright field microscopy 2)required that samples emit natural fluorescence in order to be visualized 3)can be used to view the flagella of live cells 4)does NOT require a stain to make the background dark

Answer 35

requires that samples emit natural fluorescence in order to be visualized

Question 36

What type of molecule has most frequently been used to determine the evolutionary relatedness of organisms? 1)Lipids 2)mRNA 3)rRNA 4)tRNA 5)Protein

Answer 36

rRNA

Question 37

The purpose of a differential stain is to: 1)Diffract a particular wavelength of light 2)Classify an organism into a specific group 3)Determine the best type of microscopy for a particular application 4)Determine if an organism is chemotrophic of phototrophic 5)Allow visualization of live cells

Answer 37

Classify an organism into a specific group

Question 38

Cytochromes are proteins involves in : 1)Fermentation 2)Electron transport chains 3)Glycolysis 4)The pentose-phosphate pathway 5)The TCA/Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 38

Electron transport chains

Question 39

Who first utilized the term "vaccination"? 1)Hooke 2)Jenner 3)Lister 4)Koch 5)Pasteur

Answer 39

Jenner

Question 40

During the biosynthesis of fatty acids, the carbon chain is lengthened by ___ -carbon units in each cycle. 1)One 2)Two 3)Three 4)Four

Answer 40

Two

Question 41

If a chemotroph uses the electron transport chain in catabolism without O2, it performs: 1)Aerobic respiration 2)Anaerobic respiration 3)Fermentation 4)Phosphorylation

Answer 41

Anaerobic respiration

Question 42

In the mid-1800s, this man developed the concept of disinfection of wounds and surgical rooms. 1)Edward Jenner 2)Joseph Lister 3)Louis Pasteur 4)Julius Petri

Answer 42

Joseph Lister

Question 43

If a microscope has a 20X condenser lens, a40x objective lens, and a 10X ocular lens, then the total magnification achieved will be: 1)40X 2)200X 3)400X 4)800X 5)2000X 6)8000X

Answer 43

400X

Question 44

The purpose of Koch's Postulates is to: 1)Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease 2)Determine how an infectious agent causes a particular disease 3)Determine what infectious agents are in a sample 4)Determine an infectious agent's relative virulence

Answer 44

Demonstrate the infectious agent causing a particular disease.

Question 45

During the biosynthesis of amino acids, nitrogen atoms are commonly added by what enzymes? 1)Transaminases 2)Amino acyl synthetases 3)Folic acid transferases 4)ATP transferases 5)Nitrate dehydrogenases

Answer 45

Transaminases

Question 46

The electron transport chain contributes to the generation of ATP through... 1)Substrate-level phosphorylation 2)The transfer of high energy prothetic groups between protein complexes 3)enzymatically driven reactions that allow electron transfer up the redox tower 4)reducing NAD+ to NADH. 5)generation of a proton gradient.

Answer 46

generation of a proton gradient

Question 47

The DNA within prokaryotic cells is generally found in: 1)linear single-stranded molecules 2)linear double-stranded molecules 3)circular single-stranded molecules 4)circular double-stranded molecules

Answer 47

circular double-stranded molecules