Test 1 REDO Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Make a conscious effort to change your perspective when responding to hazardous materials/WMD incidents. What does this mean?
A
– Slow down. – Think about the problem and available resources. – Take well-considered actions to solve it.
2
Q
Initial and ongoing actions may be guided by?
A
Your authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) (governing body that sets operational policy and procedures) – Local or organizational emergency response plans – Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
3
Q
What Is a Hazardous Material Anyway?
A
Hazardous material – Substance capable of posing unreasonable risk to human health, safety, or environment when * Transported in commerce * Used incorrectly * Not properly contained or stored – Referred to as dangerous goods in UN Model Regulations
4
Q
What is the difference between Regulations and Standards?
A
Regulations – Issued and enforced by governmental bodies such as Federal, provincial and territorial Occupational Health and Safety Acts (OHSA). * Standards – Issued by nongovernmental entities – Generally consensus-based – May be voluntary
5
Q
Is the NFPA standards or regulations?
A
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) – Issues voluntary consensus-based standards – Technical committee is required to * Meet regularly * Revise, update, and possibly change a standard * Review and act on any public comments during the revision process – Once finalized, agencies may choose to adopt the standard.
6
Q
NFPA 472 is not a “how to respond” document
A
Provides a standard for competence of responders to hazardous materials / weapons of mass destruction incidents.
7
Q
What is a awareness level personnel?
A
Awareness Level (NFPA) * NFPA 472 states that a person with awareness level training is not considered a responder. – Now referred to as awareness level personnel – Not typically called to the scene to respond – Function in support roles * NFPA 472 considers a grenade to be a weapon of mass destruction.
8
Q
What are some tasks awareness level personnel can perform?
A
Tasks awareness level personnel may be expected to perform on the scene: – Analyzing the incident – Identifying distinctive markings – Collecting information from the current edition of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) – Initiating and implementing protective actions – Initiating the notification process * Awareness level personnel must meet the requirements defined in NFPA 1072, Chapter 4.
9
Q
What are the core competencies for a Operations level personnel?
A
Operations level core competencies – Analyzing the scene to determine the scope of the incident – Surveying scene to identify containers and materials involved – Collecting information from available reference sources – Predicting likely behaviour of a hazardous material
Operations level core competencies – Estimating potential harm substances might cause – Planning a response to the release – Performing decontamination – Preserving evidence – Evaluating response status and effectiveness
10
Q
Do Operations level responders expected to perform additional missions beyond the core competencies have to be trained to carry out those mission specific responsibility’s?
A
Yes and Operations Level responders must work under the direct supervision of Technician Level personnel when performing mission-specific competencies.
11
Q
What are some operations level mission specific competencies?
A
Personal protective equipment (PPE) – Mass decontamination – Technical decontamination – Evidence preservation and public safety sampling – Product control – Detection, monitoring, and sampling – Victim rescue/recovery
Illicit laboratory incidents – Disablement/disruption of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), improvised WMD dispersal devices, and operations at improvised explosives laboratories – Diving in contaminated water environment – Evidence collection
12
Q
What is a technician/specialist?
A
NFPA 1072 defines technician level personnel as – Persons who respond to hazardous materials/WMD incidents using a riskbased response process by which they analyze a problem involving hazardous materials/WMD, plan a response to the problem, implement the planned response, evaluate progress of the planned response, and assist in terminating the incident.
13
Q
What does an Incident commander do?
A
Incident commander competency areas – Know how to implement the local emergency response plan. – Know of the provincial and federal emergency response plans – Know and understand the importance of decontamination procedure.
14
Q
What is Transport Canada (TC)?
A
A government entity that enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of goods.
15
Q
What are target hazards?
A
Target hazards include any occupancy type or facility that presents – A high potential for loss of life –Serious impact to the community resulting from fire, explosion, or chemical release
16
Q
Once threats have been identified, fire departments, police agencies, public health offices, and other governmental agencies should?
A
Determine the most appropriate response – Work together in case of a large-scale incident.
17
Q
NFPA 472 expands the scope of an operations level responder’s duties by?
A
identifying optional mission-specific competencies. * The Canadian Labour Code issues regulations that responders must follow.
18
Q
Chemical and physical properties are the measurable characteristics of a substance. * Pesticide bags must be labeled with specific information. * The word “Warning” means?
A
that the product is moderately toxic.
19
Q
Expansion Ratio and Chemical Reactivity * Expansion ratio?
A
Describes volume increase that occurs when a compressed liquefied gas changes to a gas
20
Q
Ignition temperature – Minimum temperature at which fuel will ignite in the presence of air and continue to burn whereas Flammable range is?
A
Flammable range (explosive limit) – Expression of fuel/air mixture – Includes: * Lower explosive limit (LEL) * Upper explosive limit (UEL)
21
Q
What is vapor Pressure?
A
Develops between top of liquid and the container * Vapours released from the surface must be contained to exert pressure * In liquids, the greater the vapour pressure the faster the liquid will evaporate * May be exerted in – Pounds per square inch (psi) – Atmospheres (atm) – Torr (Torr = 1/760 atm) – Millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)
22
Q
What is boiling point?
A
Temperature at which a liquid will continually give off vapours in sustained amounts * Liquid will turn completely to gas if held at that temperature long enough. * Flammable liquids with low boiling points are dangerous because they may produce large volumes of flammable vapour at relatively low temperatures.
23
Q
Molecular Weight * As the molecular weight of a substance increases what happens?
A
↓ Vapour pressure decreases ↑ Boiling point increases ↑ Flash point increases ↓ Ignition temperature decreases ↑ Heat output increases
24
Q
What is the standard atmospheric pressure?
A
Standard Atmospheric Pressure is 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) at sea level * Exerted on every surface of every object, including the surface of water. 101.4 kPa (14.7 psi) = 760 torr = 1 atm
25
What is vapor density?
Weight of an airborne concentration of a vapour or gas * Cylinder A – vapour density less than 1 * Cylinder B – vapour density greater than 1 * Air = 1
26
What is specific gravity?
Comparison between the weight of a liquid chemical and the weight of water * Specific gravity of water is 1.0. * Materials will float in water if their specific gravity is less than 1.0
27
What is corrosivity?
Ability of a material to damage eyes, skin, and other body parts on contact * Acid – pH value less than 7 * Base – pH value greater than 7 * Neutral pH is 7
28
Toxic Products of Combustion * Substances found in most fire smoke?
Soot (carcinogen) – Carbon monoxide – Carbon dioxide – Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – Benzene (carcinogen) – Water vapour – Formaldehyde (carcinogen) – Cyanide compounds – Chlorine compounds – Nitrous Oxide (lung irritant) – Many oxides of nitrogen
29
What creates a radioactive isotope?
Variation in number of neutrons
30
Each element is made up of atoms. * In the nucleus of each atom has protons, and neutrons. * Orbiting the nucleus are electrons. how are they charged?
➢Protons - (+) positive electrical charge ➢Neutrons – no electrical charge ➢Electrons – (-) negative electrical charge
31
What are alpha particles?
Alpha particles – Have weight and mass – Cannot travel far from nucleus (less than a few centimeters)
32
What are beta particles?
May break chemical bonds at the molecular level and cause damage to living tissue. * This is known as Ionizing Radiation
33
What are gamma rays?
Gamma rays – No mass, no electrical charge – Pure electromagnetic energy – Travel at the speed of light – Most energetic type of radiation responders may encounter – Can be deadly, and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) will not protect you – Typical sources * Cesium * Cobalt
34
What is hazard and exposure?
Hazardous materials are capable of posing an unreasonable risk to * Health * Safety * Environment – Exposure is the process by which people and objects come into contact with a hazardous material
35
What is secondary contamination?
Contamination through direct contact with a contaminated person or object – Also known as cross contamination
36
What is a chronic health hazard?
Adverse health effect that occurs gradually over time after a long-term exposure to a hazard – Also known as a chronic health effect – May appear after * Long-term or chronic exposures * Multiple short-term exposures over a short period
37
What are acute health effects?
Acute health effects – Caused by chemicals that pose a hazard to health after short exposure periods – Examples * Eye irritation * Coughing * Dizziness * Skin burns
38
What is Lethal concentration (LC)?
Concentration of a material in air (gaseous state) that is expected to kill a specified number of the group of test animals when administered over a specific period of time * When LD or LC are followed by a number, it indicates the percentage of test subjects that will die when exposed to a specific amount
39
Materials that cause severe skin and /or respiratory responses in sensitized people after exposure to a very small amount of material are called?
sensitizers
40
What is bulk packaging?
Defined by internal capacity – Maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) – Maximum net mass greater than 400 kg (882 lb) and a maximum capacity greater than 450 L (119 gal) as a receptacle for a solid – Water capacity greater than 454 kg (1000 lb) as a receptacle for a gas
41
Pressurized horizontal tanks – Rounded ends – Large vents or pressurerelief stacks – Commonly contain?
liquid propane and liquid ammonia
42
What do Ton Containers typically hold?
Hold compressed liquefied gases (commonly Sulfur dioxide)
43
What are some intermodal tanks?
Types – IM-101 portable tanks (IMO type 1 internationally) – IM-102 portable tanks (IMO type 2 internationally) Pressure intermodal tanks (IMO type 5 internationally) (high-pressure vessels) Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7 internationally)
44
What are totes?
portable plastic tank inside a rigid stainless steel frame or a square metal tank around 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) tall.
45
What is a flexible bladder?
Typically portable – Used for * Short-term storage * Dispensing of low-hazard materials
46
What are some non pressure liquid cargo tanks?
MC-306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Familiar oval-shaped highway gasoline tanker – Frequently carry * Liquid food-grade products * Gasoline * Other flammable and combustible liquids – Nonpressurized
47
What are some low-pressure chemical cargo tanks?
MC-307/DOT 407 chemical haulers – Holds 22,680 to 26,460 L (6000 to 7000 gal) – May have a higher internal working pressure – May be insulated or Uninsulated (insulated may be referred to as being horseshoe-shaped.
48
What are some low-pressure chemical cargo tanks?
MC-307/DOT 407 chemical haulers – Holds 22,680 to 26,460 L (6000 to 7000 gal) – May have a higher internal working pressure – May be insulated or Uninsulated (insulated may be referred to as being horseshoe-shaped.
49
What is a high pressure cargo tank?
MC-331 – Carries ammonia, Freon®, propane and butane
50
What is a cryogenic liquid cargo tank?
Cryogenic liquid cargo tanks – MC-338 – Low-pressure tank – Relies on tank insulation to maintain low temperatures – Normal for small puffs of white vapor to vent from relief valve
51
What do compressed gas tube trailer carry?
Compressed gas tube trailers – Carry compressed gases – Made of several individual cylinders banded together and affixed to a trailer – Working pressure of 20,684 to 34,474 kPa (3000 to 5000 psi) – Valve control box toward rear of trailer – Each cylinder has its own relief valve
52
What do dry bulk cargo trailers carry?
Dry bulk cargo trailers – Carry dry bulk goods – Not pressurized, but may use pressure to offload product – Generally V-shaped with rounded sides that funnel contents to bottom-mounted valves
53
What do pressure tank cars transport?
Transport propane, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and chlorine – Internal pressures range from 689 to 3447 kPa (100 to 500 psi) – Top-mounted fittings for loading and unloading – High volumes can generate long-duration, high-pressure leaks
54
What do Railway gondolas Carry?
Carry lumber, scrap metal, coal, and pipes
55
Information to have ready when calling CANUTEC?
Name of the chemical(s) involved in the incident (if known) – Name of the caller and callback telephone number – Location of the actual incident or problem – Shipper or manufacturer of the chemical (if known) – Container type – Railcar or vehicle markings or numbers – Shipping carrier’s name and recipient of material – Local conditions and exact description of the situation
56
What are your initial actions?
Initial Actions * Establish incident command in a safe location. * Initial task should be to determine – Nature of the situation – Types of potential hazards – Magnitude of problems to face * Initial recon team should – Examine the involved area. – Determine how many people are involved.
57
What is Interagency coordination?
Interagency Coordination * CDC Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) may be requested. * EOC can help coordinate agencies.
58
What are nerve agents?
Nerve agent * Agents that take a longer time to evaporate than water, are called persistent * Most are liquids in their normal states – Must be dispersed in * Aerosol form * Fine droplets to be inhaled or * absorbed – Effectiveness depends on * How long it stays in the air * How widely it is dispersed
59
What are symptoms of exposure to a nerve agent?
Symptoms of exposure – Pinpoint pupils – Runny nose – Drooling – Difficulty breathing – Tearing – Twitching – Diarrhea – Convulsions or seizures – Loss of consciousness
Nerve Agents * Use SLUDGEM to remember symptoms – Salivation – Lacrimation – Urination – Defecation – Gastric upset – Emesis – Miosis
60
What is a duoDote auto-injector?
Most common field-level medical treatment – Developed as a nerve agent exposure antidote – Contains: * Atropine * 2-PAM – Many EMS carry these antidotes in their vehicles – May be ineffective after a period of time
61
What is anthrax caused by?
Anthrax * Infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis
62
How many anthrax spores are needed to cause an anthrax infection?
8000 to 10000
63
What is plague?
Plague * Caused by Yersinia pestis – Found on rodents * Often transmitted through flea bites * Forms – Bubonic plague (Lymph Nodes) – Pneumonic plague
64
What is smallpox?
Smallpox * Highly infectious * Often fatal * Caused by variola virus * First presents with – Small red spots – Rash in mouth * Lesions – All in same stage of development at the same time – Found on palms and soles
65
How is radioactive packaging decided?
Radioactive package labelling is determined by the amount of radiation measured outside the package
66
Five major categories of radiological packaging?
Excepted range radioactive packaging – Industrial radioactive packaging –Type A packaging (least protection) –Type B packaging –Type C packaging (most protection)
67
What are illicit laboratories?
Many materials used to manufacture homemade explosives are used to make illicit drugs. * Common illicit laboratory sites – Basements with unusual or multiple vents – Buildings with heavy security – Buildings with obscured windows – Buildings with odd or unusual odors
68
What is the dirty bomb?
The dirty bomb – Radiation dispersal device (RDD) – Involves packing radioactive material around an explosive device. – Only a few radioactive sources can be effectively used.
69
Although transportation of hazardous materials occurs most often on the roadway, when another primary mode of transport is used, roadway vehicles often transport the shipments from the rail station, airport, or dock to the point where it will be used...
Responders must therefore become familiar with all types of chemical transport vehicles they might encounter during a transportation emergency.
70
Never rely on your sense of smell to detect a chemical agent...
Suspicious items found at terrorist incidents should be examined by Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel.
71
What are orginizations that establish and publish toxicological data?
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) * Introduced threshold limit value (TLV)
72
What are orginizations that establish and publish toxicological data?
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) * Introduced threshold limit value (TLV)
73
What is threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV/TWA)?
(maximum concentration to which an adult can be exposed 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week)
74
What is concentration?
Concentration – Expressed as a percentage for gases – Amount of solute in a given amount of solution – Can range from concentrated to dilute
75
Difference between concentration and strength?
Strength refers to pH of a solution. – Can be tested with litmus paper
76
What does the NFPA publish?
Publishes protective clothing standards
77
NFPA 1994 classes are?
Class 2: liquid-splash garment performance with SCBA – Class 3: liquid-splash garment performance with APR – Class 4: performance requirements for particles and liquid-borne viral protection
78
What is a closed circuit SCBA?
Closed-Circuit SCBA * Also called a “rebreather” * Can be used for long work periods * Exhaled air is – Scrubbed free of carbon dioxide – Supplemented with a small amount of oxygen – “Rebreathed” by the wearer * Closed-circuit system
79
What is an air purifying respirator?
Filtering device or particulate respirator * Removes particles, vapours, and contaminants from air before it is inhaled * Should be worn only in atmospheres where – The type and quantity of contaminants are known – Sufficient oxygen is available for breathing
Full-face piece, dual cartridge masks – Half-mask, face piece-mounted cartridges with no eye protection
Easy to wear, but have drawbacks – Cartridges are specific to expected contaminants. – Air and ambient oxygen level must be continually monitored. * Should not be employed at hazardous materials/WMD incidents until qualified personnel have tested the ambient atmosphere
80
What is secondary contamination?
Also known as cross contamination * Process of transferring a hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which may act as carriers. Eg. Contact with runoff from firefighting operations on an ignited material.Occurs when a contaminated person or object comes into direct contact with another person or object. Eg. Transporting a victim from a hazardous materials incident in an ambulance.
81
Chemicals such as corrosives will..
immediately damage skin or body tissues upon contact.
82
What is a CAN report?
CAN Report * Conditions – Current status or incident status * Actions – What you are doing – What the team is doing – What is occurring with the incident * Needs – Additional resources needed
83
What are the types of control zones?
Types of control zones – Hot or exclusionary zone – Warm or contamination reduction zone – Cold zone or outer perimeter
84
What is the warm zone?
Warm zone – Where personnel and equipment transition into and out of hot zone – Contains * Control points for access to hot zone * Decontamination corridor
85
What is the Cold zone?
Cold zone – Safe area – No special protective clothing needed – Contains * Personnel staging * Command post * EMS providers * Area for medical monitoring, support, and/or treatment after decontamination
86
What are the "shuns"?
Consider the “shuns” when evacuating large numbers of people – Contamination – Communication – Transportation – Nutrition – Sanitation – Habitation – Compassion
87
When evacuating people you must?
Must establish a safe area with suitable facilities prior to the evacuation order being given – Schools, fairgrounds, sports arenas, and other large areas – Close enough be practical, but far enough to be safe – Temporary evacuation areas may be needed. – Access should be monitored and controlled.
88
What is sheltering in place?
Sheltering-in-Place * Safeguard people in a hazardous area by keeping them in an enclosed atmosphere. * Identify local facilities where vulnerable populations might be found. * Residents should remain indoors with – Windows and doors closed – Ventilation systems shut off
Sheltering-in-Place * When deciding whether to evacuate or use a sheltering-in-place strategy, consider – Toxicity of the hazardous material – Amount of time available to avoid the oncoming threat – Expected duration of the incident
89
What are excessive heat disorders?
Heat exhaustion – Mild form of shock – Core temperature rises – Signs and symptoms * Weakness * Sweating * Dizziness * Blurred vision * Acute fatigue * Headache * Muscle cramps
People with heat exhaustion should be – Removed from heated environment – Rehydrated with electrolyte solutions – Kept cool * Heat exhaustion can be fatal if not treated. – Do not pour cold water on victims or place them in a cold environment
Heat stroke – High body temperature due to the bodies inability to self regulate – Signs and symptoms * Reduction or cessation of sweating * Increased body temperature * Rapid pulse * Hot, red-looking skin * Headache * Confusion * Unconsciousness * Seizures – Requires immediate transport to a medical facility
90
What are cold temperature exposures?
Cold-Temperature Exposures * Responders should – Keep the layer of clothing next to the skin dry. – Carefully schedule work and rest periods. – Monitor their physical working conditions. * Hypothermia – Internal body temperature falls below 35°C (95°F)
91
What is the incident command post?
Incident command post (ICP) – Location where coordination, control, and communications are centralized – Requests for additional resources originate here – Command and direct support staff should be located here – The ICP should * Be located in an area not threatened by the incident * Have the infrastructure for sustained operations * Be established uphill and upwind of the incident
92
What are some additional command staff?
Additional command staff includes * Safety officer * Liaison officer * Public information officer
93
What are Operations?
Operations – Led by operations section chief on larger incidents – Carries out objectives developed by IC – Responsible for all tactical operations – Operations section chief * Directs and manages the resources assigned to his or her section * Usually assigned for large or complex incidents
94
What are groups and divisions?
Groups and divisions – Group * Assembled to relieve span of control issue (typical span of control is 3 to 7 subordinates for every supervisor) * Consists of functional assignments that may not be tied to any one geographic location – Division * Companies and crews working in the same geographic location – Both place several single resources under one supervisor
95
What are groups and divisions?
Groups and divisions – Group * Assembled to relieve span of control issue (typical span of control is 3 to 7 subordinates for every supervisor) * Consists of functional assignments that may not be tied to any one geographic location – Division * Companies and crews working in the same geographic location – Both place several single resources under one supervisor
96
What are the responsibilities of hazardous materials branch director?
Reports to the Operations Section Chief – Obtaining a briefing from the IC – Staffing hazardous materials branch functions – Ensuring scene control zones are established – Ensuring a site safety plan is developed – Maintaining accountability – Ensuring proper PPE is worn – Ensuring operational objectives are being met
97
What is Planning?
Planning – Responsible for the collection, evaluation, dissemination, and use of information relevant to the incident – Planning section chief acts as central point for * Collecting information on the situation status (sit-stat) * Tracking and logging on-scene resources * Disseminating the written incident action plan * Facilitating incident briefings and planning meetings
98
At a hazardous materials incident, scene control is..
paramount because it has an influence on both scene security and personnel accountability. * Isolation of the release area is one of the first measures that operations level hazardous materials responders should implement. * The guide section of the ERG outlines evacuation distances for small spills.
99
The three levels of control zones around a hazardous materials incident are the..
cold zone, the warm zone, and the hot zone. – The hot zone is the most contaminated; the cold zone is a safe area. – Hazardous materials in a gas state will require the largest hot zone.
100
An assistant safety officer may be appointed for..
An assistant safety officer may be appointed for the safety of the hazardous materials group or branch. * At hazardous material incidents involving multiple jurisdictions a Level III response would be required.
101
Smoke Production * Depends on?
– Chemical makeup of burning material – Temperature of combustion process – Influence of ventilation (oxygenation) * Smoke is a collection of – Particulates – Superheated air – Gaseous chemical compounds
102
Where are Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) found?
Found in –Vehicle exhaust –Grilled food –Tobacco smoke –Smoke generated from fires
103
Examples of PAHs include?
– Anthracene – Benzopyrene – Methylchrysene – Phenanthrene – Pyrene
104
Monkeys exposed to cyanide lost consciousness at?
200 parts per million (ppm)
105
Cyanide and carbon monoxide may..
potentiate the harmful effects of one another.
106
Cyanide toxicity is the inability to..
use oxygen for aerobic metabolism.
107
Carbon monoxide is?
Carbon Monoxide * One of the most common industrial hazards * Colourless, tasteless and odourless * Produced during incomplete combustion * Affects oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells, causing hypoxia (losing the ability to transport oxygen to the blood)
108
How to treat smoke inhalation?
Treating Smoke Inhalation * CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin) – Emergency treatment used in patients with known or suspected cyanide poisoning
109
Why Use Detection Devices at the Fire Scene?
Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) * Requires breathing apparatus or withdrawal – Short-term exposure limit (STEL) * 15-minute exposure; limit four times a day – Recommended exposure limit (REL) * 10-hour exposure
110
Photoionization Detector (PID) has a reaction time of..
1 to 2 seconds
111
Single-Use Versus Reusable PPE?
Chemical-protective equipment – Most intended for single use – Usually discarded with hazardous waste – Decontaminated to be safe enough to remove –Less expensive than reusable gear, but must be restocked or replenished
112
How to determine what ppe to use?
Determining PPE Needs * Responders must correlate the mission with the anticipated hazards – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) required when possibility of exposure to a concentration considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) eg. Possible exposure to ammonia exceeding 300 ppm
113
What is TRACEMP?
Is a common acronym used to sum up a collection of potential types of harms as emergency responder may face. * Thermal * Radiological * Asphyxiating * Chemical * Etiological / biological * Mechanical * Psychogenic
114
Types of Chemical-Protective Clothing are
Chemical-protective equipment suited for law enforcement missions becoming more popular – Offers protection against liquid and particle forms of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) agents – Much cooler and more comfortable to wear for extended periods
115
What is a vapor protective ensemble?
Vapour-Protective Ensemble * Also called encapsulating protective clothing * Offers full body protection from highly toxic environments * Requires wearer to use supplied-air respirator (SAR)
116
What is NFPA 1991?
NFPA 1991, Standard on VaporProtective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
117
What is a level A vapor protection suit?
Level A * Offers limited visibility * Effective against alpha radiation only * Must meet NFPA 1991 requirements * Requires open-circuit, positive-pressure SCBA or SAR
118
What is a level B vapor protection suit?
Level B * Provides little or no flash fire protection
119
What is a level C vapor protection suit?
Level C * Worn with APR or powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) (don last) * Complete ensemble consists of – Standard work clothing – Chemical-protective clothing – Chemical-resistant gloves – Respiratory protection other than SCBA or SAR
Level C * Used when significant skin and eye exposure is unlikely * Often worn in low-hazard situations * Must meet NFPA 1992 performance requirements * Respiratory protection may be provided by half-face or full-face mask * Remove helmet last when doffing
120
What is a level D vapor protection suit?
Level D * Lowest level of protection * Consists of – Coveralls – Work shoes – Hard hat – Gloves – Standard work clothing
Level D * Should be used only when – Atmosphere contains no known hazards – Work precludes splashes, immersion, or potential for contact with hazardous materials * Should be used for nuisance contamination only
121
What is SCBA ideal for?
Ideal for simple asphyxiants ( eg. Nitrogen) and oxygen-deficient atmospheres
122
Chemical-Protective Equipment Performance Requirements are?
* Most commonly used materials – Butyl rubber – Tyvek® – Saranex® – Polyvinyl chloride – Viton® * No single fabric provides satisfactory protection from all chemicals.
123
Strategies for mitigating hazards?
– Conduct pre-entry medical evaluation (just prior to donning PPE). – Use the buddy system. – Sort out and test radio communications beforehand. – Use hand signals as backup communication.
124
What are forced air cooling systems?
Forced-Air Cooling Systems * Force prechilled air through system of hoses worn close to the body * Cooler air passes skin, drawing heat away * Functions as first level of cooling * Systems are lightweight and provide long-term cooling benefits. * Mobility is limited because of umbilical attached to external, fixed compressor.
125
Ice-Cooled or Gel-Packed Vests disadvantages?
Disadvantages – Bulkier and heavier than forced-air systems – May cause discomfort due to cold temperature near skin – Cold temperature near skin may fool body into thinking it is cold, encouraging it to retain even more heat.
126
Phase-Change Cooling Technology * Vest fabric wicks perspiration away from?
Body
127
How to go through technical decontamination?
Going Through Technical Decontamination in PPE * Proceed to cold zone end of corridor. – Helmets, face piece, and any other ancillary equipment are removed. – You remove and discard inner gloves. – Personal clothing removed last. * After decontamination – Enter the cold zone. – Shower and don fresh clothes. – Proceed to medical station for evaluation. – Proceed to the rehabilitation area.
128
What are control options?
Control Options * Be aware of natural control points where materials might be contained. * Structural barriers may include – Door to room or building – Designated areas for secondary containment – Curbed areas of roadways
129
What is absorption?
Absorption * Using a spongy material or specially designed spill pads to soak up liquid hazardous material * Contaminated mixture of absorbent material and chemicals are collected and disposed of together.
130
Absorption Common absorbent materials include?
* Dry earth * Soil * Sand * Other non-combustible material
131
What are spill booms?
Spill booms – Deployed as floating barriers for oil spill on body of water – Typically constructed of outer mesh covering filled with material such as polypropylene or silica
132
What is an overflow dam?
Overflow Dam * Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity greater than 1. * Contains materials heavier than water * Dam base is built up to level that holds back flow of water. * PVC pipe or hard suction hose is installed at slight angle to allow water to flow “over” released liquid.
133
What is an underflow dam?
Underflow Dam * Constructed for a material that has a specific gravity lighter than 1 (lighter than water) * Piping is installed near bottom of dam so water flows “under” dam. * Materials floating on water accumulate at top of dam area.
134
What is diking?
Diking * Placement of selected material to form barrier to keep a liquid hazardous material from entering an unwanted area or to hold material in specific location
135
What is dilution?
Dilution * Addition of water or another substance to weaken strength or concentration of hazardous material –Typically a corrosive * Can be used when identity and properties of hazardous material are known * May overwhelm the containment area.
Dilution * The first consideration must be to assess the viability of the proposed operation. * Water applied to dilute hazardous material may simply increase total volume. * Use with extreme caution and only on advice of those knowledgeable about nature of chemicals involved.
136
What is diversion?
Diversion * Redirects flow of liquid away from endangered area to an area where it will have less impact * May involve the use of – Existing barriers, curbs, gutters – Dirt berms – Spill booms – Plastic tarps filled with sand, dirt, or clay
137
What is a MC-306?
Roadway Transportation * MC-306 – Familiar oval-shaped highway gasoline tanker (atmospheric pressure)
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Where are remote shut off valves?
Remote Valve Shut-off * MC306/DOT 406 cargo tanks – Carry flammable and combustible liquids and Class B poisons – Remote shut-off valves located at front of cargo tank on driver’s side or rear of cargo tank on passenger side
Remote Valve Shut-off * MC-307/DOT 407 cargo tanks – Carry chemicals transported at low pressure (flammable and combustible liquids)
Remote Valve Shut-off * MC-331 cargo tanks – Carry compressed liquefied gases – Identified by rounded tank ends – Remote shut-off valves * Both ends of tank * Internal shut-off valves * Rotary gauge depicting product pressure * Top-mounted vents
Remote Valve Shut-off * Intermodal tanks – Both shipping and storage vessels. – Remote shut-off valve on * The side of the container, near the discharge end.
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What is vapor dispersion?
Vapour Dispersion * Consider consequences before dispersing vapours. – Highly flammable vapours could ignite. – Dispersed vapours could spread contamination outside hot zone.
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What is reducing temperature?
Reducing temperature – Suppresses vapour formation in some materials, but is not easily accomplished except in cases of small spills
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What is Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)?
Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) * Used at 1%, 3%, or 6% concentration * Designed to form blanket – Over spilled flammable liquids to suppress vapours – On actively burning pools of flammable liquids
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What is Fluoroprotein Foam?
Fluoroprotein Foam * Used on fires or spills involving gasoline, oil, or similar products (Class B)
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What is protein foam?
Protein Foam * Made from hydrolyzed proteins along with stabilizers and preservatives * Stable and has good expansion properties * Resistant to reignition when used on – Class B fires – Spills involving nonpolar substances
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What is High expansion foam?
High-Expansion Foam * Expansion accomplished by pumping large volumes of air through small screen coated with foam solution * Known as “dry” foam
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What is foam application?
Foam Application * Foam concentrates (other than highexpansion foam) should be gently applied or bounced off another adjacent object so they flow down across liquid and do not directly upset burning surface
Foam Application * Rain-down method – Direct stream in air over material. – Let foam gently fall onto surface of liquid. * Roll-in method – Bounce stream directly into front of spill area. – Allow it to gently push forward into pooled liquid.
Foam Application * Bounce-off method – Use object to deflect foam stream. – Let it flow down onto burning surface. – Effective on * open top tanks * Collisions involving transports
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What is Scene size up?
Scene Size-Up * Approach from a safe location and direction. * Assess the scene. – Question anyone involved – Interpret other clues * Plan for addressing the incident begins with SIN: – Safety – Isolate – Notify
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what is safety?
Safety * “Read” the scene. * Interpret available clues. * Make informed decisions. * Operate safely. * Stop and pay attention.
Safety * Initial first steps: – Stay upwind, uphill, and out of the problem. – Obtain briefing prior to acting. – Understand nature of the problem and factors influencing release. – Attempt to make positive identification of released substance.
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What is Isolate?
Isolate * Isolate and deny entry to scene. * Establish hot zone. * Separate people from problem. * Refer to – Standard operating procedures (SOPs) – Emergency response plan – Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
Isolate * Establish command post. * Determine response objectives. * Formulate basic incident action plan (IAP). * Identify and remotely secure potential ignition sources.
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What is Notify?
Notify * Decide whether to notify anyone else. * Keep current and comprehensive contact list of local, provincial, and federal resources. * Understand who key players are in your jurisdiction.
Notify * Be familiar with – Communications equipment – Radio frequencies – Protocols for using authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) communications equipment
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What is detection?
Detection * Use your senses carefully. (exposure hazard)
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What is a carboy?
Carboys * Glass, plastic, or steel container that holds 19– 57 L (5 to 15 gal) of product * Often placed in a protective wood, foam, fiberglass, or steel box to help prevent breakage * Thick glass carboys protected by wooden or foam crates typically contain strong acids.
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High pressures create potential for danger..
Typical standard oxygen cylinders can have pressures of 13,790 kPa (1000 psi)
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What is a dewar container?
Dewar container – Thermos-like vessel to hold cryogenic liquids – Typical cryogens * Oxygen * Helium * Hydrogen * Argon * Nitrogen
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What is division 1 and 2?
Division 1 – Mass detonation hazards – Number 1 inside orange octagon * Division 2 – Explosion-with-fragment hazards – Number 2 inside orange X
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What is division 3 and 4?
Division 3 – Mass fire hazards – Number 3 inside inverted orange triangle * Division 4 – Moderate fire hazards – Number 4 inside orange diamond
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What are shipping papers?
Shipping Papers * Transport Canada (TC) packaging group designations – Packaging group I: high danger – Packaging group II: medium danger – Packaging group III: minor danger
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What are placards?
* Placards – Diamond-shaped indicators placed on all four sides of highway transport vehicles, railroad tank cars, etc. – Identify broad hazard class
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What is a small spill?
* Small spill – Leak from one small package – Small leak in large container * Large spill – Large leak or spill from large container or package – Spill from a number of small packages – Any spill from a 1-ton (907-k) cylinder, tank truck, or railcar
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What does a "dangerous" placards indicate?
“Dangerous” placard – Indicates more than one hazard class is contained in the same load
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What is Infectious/Contagious?
Infectious / Contagious * Anthrax is a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing an illness (infectious). A person with an illness caused by an anthrax exposure is not capable of passing it along to another person (contagious).
