Test 1 Review Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is the Middle Ages
A
historians argue that Humanists (thinkers) of the Renaissance invented this construct in order to further distinguish their work in the Renaissance
They looked back at the years 400-1400 BCE and saw nothing but ignorance, poverty and darkness, referred to this period as a thousand-year period of darkness and ignorance = middle age Mediaevum = Medieval Times
Characterized by Theology as the principal ideological view of the world, so little movement in artistic and scholarly thought “Christendom” - Europe as one large church-state
2
Q
Where did the Middle Ages exist mostly
A
Western Europe
3
Q
When did the Middle Ages happen
A
Period in European history from collapse of the Roman civilization to the beginning of the Renaissance (5th century/400 CE to the 13th-15th century/1400 CE), divided into the Early, High and Late Middle Ages.
4
Q
Who was involved in the Middle Ages
A
The middle ages reflected the people who brought them on: the Barbarians, most notable were the Vandals, the Huns and Goths.
The need to stand up to raiders marked the beginnings of nations, as local lords became willing to join forces pledging allegiance to a strong king who could bring them together to fend off attackers (e.g. Charlemagne)
5
Q
How did the Middle Ages function
A
Began when the Roman Empire collapsed and cities weren’t as important anymore = economy becomes less trade based and commercial = local agriculture and land ownership becomes the most important commodity. This political and economic system became known as FEUDALISM
6
Q
What is feudalism
A
A system for structuring society around relationships derived from holding of land (known as a fiefdom or fief) in exchange for service or labour.
7
Q
What is an overlord
A
A person who gave land to another; they were known as overlords
8
Q
What is a receiver of land called
A
the receiver of the land were known as vassals.
9
Q
What role did the church play in feudalism
A
Keeps records of Feudal system, as it is the only literate remaining body, so it is a legal arrangement Also able to gather land, as it was often donated by a peasant (got into heaven)
If a person died with no heir, the church took it and if a man became a priest, his land would go to church after death - this is why priests do not marry
10
Q
Why were the Middle Ages Significant
A
Secularization, Individualism, Capitalism
11
Q
Explain Secularization
A
the process of transformation by which a society moves from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship.
12
Q
Explain Individualism
A
The belief that people should be able to act freely grew as the nobility was giving way to a growing middle class
13
Q
Explain Capitalism
A
A mainly agricultural society was transformed back to that dominated by cities and towns due to a rise of trade, coupled with the impulse to explore.
14
Q
When and where did the Black Death occur
A
Originated In Asia and spread east through land trade routes and also through the travel of Mongol forces first strikes Europe in 1348.
First area impacted in Europe is sisilie. Spread through rats
100 Years War between France and England has begun (1337), infrasture and winter spreading the disease.
15
Q
What were the 3 different types of the Black Death
A
- Bubonic
- Pneumonic
- Septicemic
16
Q
Explain the Bubonic Type of Black Death
A
Bubonic: Bacterial, spread by fleas; symptoms include lymph node swellings that damaged tissue and turned skin black. Wiped out of 50% percent of the people affected. Most common form
17
Q
Explain the Pneumonic Type of the Black Death
A
Pneumonic: Spread through infected saliva coughed up by bubonic infected humans; attacked the lungs. Essentially you choked on your own lungs/saliva. Wiped out 90% of people affected.
18
Q
Explain the Septicemic type of Black Death
A
Septicemic: Victims experience an infection of the blood and circulatory system that leads to sepsis (poisoning of blood and tissue). 100% mortality rate of people affected.
19
Q
Why were the lower class more vulnerable to the Black Death
A
Lower class was more vulnerable to the disease because they lived in wooden homes, rather than the higher class who lived in stone/brick castles.
20
Q
Why were innocent Jews and non Catholics killed during the Black Death?
A
Jews, and cultural outstanders who were not Christian were killed as a way to please god. They believe that the wrath of God was a cause of the plague.
21
Q
Explain the flagellants
A
Flagellants punished themselves in large groups for the sins of greater society, and as a way to also appease god. They beat themselves.
22
Q
How Else did the Black Death spread further
A
Non-infected people tried to leave their villages, but the disease spread.
23
Q
What were some of the socio-economic impacts of the Black Death
A
Scarcity of human labor = higher, competitive wages in some places
Upper classes attempt to control wage increases, which in turns leads to peasant rebellions.
Many move to the city for better work …an effective end to the manorial system and eventually to feudalism.
Common people begin to question another level of authority, such as the church (blaming, killing, punishing to make god happy but nothing seems to work, so church loses power)
24
Q
Explain the loss of faith in the papacy
A
Loss of faith in the Papacy = interest in other forms of religious expression, Le. the Flagellants.
25
What was art like during the Black Death
Art was used to represent how people during the black death were psychologically affected. The Art often contained skeletons.
26
What was the renaissance
It was a time of rebirth, along with learning, art, architecture. Along with a focus on life on earth rather than the afterlife
27
When did the renaissance take place
Lasts from about 1350-1600 in Europe
28
Where did the renaissance start
Italy - specifically Florence & spread from there
29
Why did the renaissance start
Italy had been exposed to new ideas because of the Crusades
They wanted the luxury goods that came from the Crusades
They were hard hit by the bubonic plague - so the same amount of wealth was spread amongst fewer people - meant they had more money to spend on other things = this new "middle class" became patrons of the arts
They controlled the money of most of Europe - they were the bankers of Europe at the time
Italy were known as the bankers because they were close to the Mediterranean Sea, so that gave them the opportunity to steal and get other things like silver.
30
Define nation
a group bound together by common elements such as history, language, religion, culture etc. It is not the same as a country - a country may be made up of many nations (e.g. the UK)
31
Define state
sometimes used as a synonym for country - an independent land with an independent government. Italy for example was known as “city states” because they do not know the concept of a whole country.
32
Define city-state
a small Independent country usually based around a large city and its surrounding areas
33
Define city-state
a small Independent country usually based around a large city and its surrounding areas
34
What is a papal state
Church still in control of the state
35
What did Milan specialize in during the renaissance
• Military power
• Hereditary dynasty
• Trade also important
• Buffer between France & Italian City-States
36
What did Venice specialize in during the renaissance
Port btwn Mideast and Asia
Spices, food & silk
Glass producers
Enormously wealthy
37
What did Rome specialize in during the renaissance
• Popes became patrons of the arts
• Summoned people like Michaelangelo
• All money going to church
• Popes have unique role - religious leaders for all of Europe as well as leader of the government of Rom
38
What was the role of religion during the renaissance
The Roman Catholic Church played a role as they were important because the majority of people in Europe were catholic at the time, and church is the center of daily life
1/10 of europes income went to the church, they had the most land owned in Europe, so the RCC Had a large amount of wealth so they paid for hospitals, welfare, education
The church had 3 major tasks:
1. Providence (Gods Justice)
2. Salvation (Given by the church going to heaven)
3. Community (Prayer, shared worship and celebration)
39
What is humanism
Humanism was the rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts. It is also a focus on life on earth, not just on getting into heaven.
Learning becomes important again, with focus on art, architecture, logic and anatomy.
Literature was used to develop character. Humanism saw an as a rational being who possess truth and goodness. We have the ability to think for ourselves not allowing “destiny” to fill in the hands of someone.
40
What is the renaissance man?
A person who mastered all areas of art and thought. Essentially a man who has a wide range of interests and expertise in different areas like: math, science, art and literature and excels at all of them.
They do NOT have to be wealthy, just has to be extremely smart.
Embodies traits of humanism and individualism, limitless in his area for development
41
What is the renaissance woman?
Renaissance women were known to be pure and innocent girls growing up. As they got older they were to be ruled over by men, they should marry well and give birth to boys only, they should be attractive or beautiful, and lastly they should be educated enough to entertain men, but their education was not rigorous.
42
Explain Leonardo Da Vinci’s Virtruvian man artwork
It is a iconic famous work of art that also has a legacy
It includes ideas of all: math, religion, philosophy, and the artistic skill of the time period
It provided info on how we saw ourselves as man. Generally man saw themselves as between ourselves and the centre of the universe, and through rational thoughts and discussions we have the ability to be a god, or behave like a animal
43
What factors led to the beginning of the renaissance in Northern Europe
- The northern population began to recover from the plague
- The Hundred-years war ended, and cities were growing rapidly
- city merchants were coming wealthy enough to become “patrons”
- Moe monarchs were patrons of the art than in Italy
- Paintings were focused on being natural. The goal was accuracy and great detail, almost photographic detail. Common man painting and arts were also common, not just only based on the rich
44
Who is Albcret Durer
Albcret Durer was the son of a goldsmith. Many of his prints show religious subjects and work inspired by other German artists.
He started mass producing his work, therefore spreading his work around Europe, and was one of the first to start signing his work
Most of his work included self portraiture, making sure that his work shows who he is, what he like as a person rather than just as an artist
45
Who invented the printing press + what was it
Johann Gutenberg was a German who wanted to translate the bible into german
The printing press was probably the most important invention of the renaissance era by the 1480. There were about 380 operating printing presses in Europe, and 1000 by 1500.
This although was not an original idea, it was borrowed and adapted from the Chinese
This caused books to be much more readily available and common, as literacy rates increased with the printing press
Before the invention of the printing press, books had to be copied by hand, which was slow and labor-intensive. With the printing press, text could be set in movable type and then printed multiple times, allowing for the mass production of books.
This invention revolutionized communication and dissemination of information, making books more affordable and accessible to a larger audience. It played a crucial role in spreading knowledge, ideas, and culture during the Renaissance and beyond, contributing to the rapid spread of literacy and the growth of learning and education.
46
Explain The christian humanist writer Desiderius Erasmus ideas
He criticized wealth, and greedy merchants, and explained how wealth has changed the church
He believed in christianity of the heart, not one of ceremony and rules
Also believed that all people should read the bible in order to improve society
Outlined "utopia" - it means an ideal society on an island, but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights
47
Explain/outline some trends from the renaissance
1. Writing in the vernacular: Works were being done in english, french, spanish, german instead of latin
2. Skepticism: People wanted proof of ideas, no longer were things taken just solely on faith
3. Growth of science - went along with all the learning that was popularized with humanism
4. Art became more sophisticated - understood perspective again (eg: michaelangelo, raphael, donatello, mantegna)
48
When was the reformation
the early 1500s, Oct 31, 1517 to be exact
49
Who started the reformation
Martin Luther, a german monk nailed his 95 theses to the church
50
Where did the reformation begin
Wittenberg (Germany)
51
Explain what the 7 sacraments are
people secured a place in heaven through sacraments. There were 7:
1. Baptistism
2. Conformation
3. Marriage
4. Eucharist
5. Reconciliation
6. Holy orders
7. Anointing of the sick
Catholic Church as the Universal Church that was the only road to Salvation (saving humans from sin)
At the time of the Reformation, Leo the 10th was Pope.
52
What were some of the causes of the reformation
1. Clerical immorality
2. Indulgences
3. Corruption of the church
4. Conflict in leadership
5. Humanism
Started out as protests against the RCC and its questionable practices - people wanted the RCC to reform.
53
Explain The clerical & immortality and ignorance cause for the reformation
There were questionable practices of the church at the beginning of the 16th century.
- Neglect of celibacy
- Gambling and use of alcohol
- Educational standards for
priests lowered. Bishops were supposed to know latin, but this was never fully enforced
54
Explain the indulgences cause for the reformation
Indulgences were letters given by the church that granted remissions from the punishments of sins
the RCC needed money quickly to build St. Peters Basilica, so they sold church pardons to the public that gives quicker entry into heaven, aka less time in purgatory, for themselves for family members that have already passed.
Normally you need a priest near you when pass away in order to go to heaven.
They needed to build stuff, so the church started selling them. It was essentially a scam because they were not written in the bible
55
What is purgatory
middle ground between heaven and hell
56
Explain the corruption of the church cause for the reformation
Simony - Buying & selling of church offices, to make more money to continue to own more churches
Nepotism - practice of favoring relatives
pluralism - church officials holding numerous offices simultaneously
Taxation - to construct new churches, peasents were overwhelmed. did this to build more churches across europe felt like priests were acting as princes
57
Explain the pope vs holy roman emperors cause for the reformation
There was a growing resentment that the pope was the supreme authority. The princes and kings did not want to have to answer any authority
The loose German Empire was growing and developing nationalism, creating more tension and bitterness with Rome.
* Pope Leo X, more arts patron than religious leader, depletes church's funds and relles on indulgences to fund projects.
* As well, King Henry VIlI creating the Church of England challenges the RCC.
58
Explain the humanism cause for the reformation
Various writers were exploring Humanism and were able to spread their ideas because of the printing press.
- Humanists attacked the papacy with regards to the sale of indulgences, pilgrimages and moral and intellectual standards of priests, many felt that
religion should be accessible to the people
- Erasmus wrote the Handbook of the Christian soldier - a woman feared that her husband's sins would make him lose his soul. Erasmus said to live like Jesus - just be nice, No need for indulgences or priests.
59
What was Martin Luthers key ideas
He found the answer in the New Testament: Sola Fide Salvation was God's gift to the faithful = salvation by faith alone
One could do good works, alded by good faith and God's grace and therefore attain salvation, this was the basis of his 95 theses. (Points of arguments)
So Luther was different to the other critics of his time, instead of attacking the RCC because of money, politics and corruption, he was attacking the very structure of the church.
He believed there was no biblical basis for indulgences - this denies the authority of the Pope. He also said that priests were not mediators between God and the people, they were merely teachers of the faith - thus, challenging not only the religion but the role of the clergy. Sola scriptura.
By faith and scripture alone, if you can read and interpret what god was saying you get into heaven.
60
What were luther's criticisms
- Intermediary between man and god unnecessary
"They behave as Princes Instead of Priests"
- Indulgences creating a false sense of security. No biblical basis
- Faith, not deeds (i.e. sacraments) as only path to salvation.
At first no one paid attention to his radical ideas, until he posted them to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in 1517 - this is what you did if you wanted a theological discussion. His ideas spread.
1520 - Pope Leo issued a bull or official letter giving him 60 days to recant or be excommunicated (kicked out of the RCC). Luther retaliated by burning the letter...he was excommunicated. (Kicked out of the church)
1521 - the HRE called the Diet (assembly) of Worms (verms) to deal with the crisis, before the monarch, Luther refused to submit and recant.
61
What was the grassroots movement
Luther's Support:
- Social Reform Movement
- Intellectual Elites following humanist principles.
+ Middle Class
+ Portion of Clergy
- Followers known as "Evangelical" - Latin & German word for "Gospel",
The grassroots movement involving Martin Luther was the Protestant Reformation. It started in the early 16th century in Europe. Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian, criticized the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, such as selling indulgences (pardons for sins) and the authority of the Pope. He argued that salvation came through faith alone and that the Bible should be the ultimate authority for Christians. Luther's ideas spread rapidly, thanks in part to the printing press, leading to the establishment of Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity. This movement was fueled by ordinary people (the grassroots) who were inspired by Luther's teachings and advocated for religious reforms in their communities.
62
What did luther do to the bible
Printing Press:
Luther pens German translation of the Bible.
Over 100,000 coples by 1525.
Uses vernacular and colloquial language, allows literate Germans to read it aloud, reaching the illiterate.
Helps to standardize German language and create collective Identity for German people
Used propaganda to spread his ideas to illiterate Germans
63
What was propaganda
→ A systematic effort to shape people's beliefs in order to
achieve specific goals.
→ An effort to persuade groups within society to think in certain ways or accept a particular cause or condition.
Propaganda = Historical Perspective
64
what was the role of propaganda
→ First propaganda war in European history, where it's utilized as a tool.
→ Pits Luther against the Pope and church
→ Woodcuts & Pamphlets are circulated, the twitter of the reformation era.
Aided by the invention of the printing press, super important.
Heresy is the idea of going against the common religion at the time.
What is the message of each piece of reformation propaganda? (Possible test q)
Why was propaganda significant during this time period? (Possible Test Q)
Propaganda was used to reach to the illiterate peasants at the time
65
What are the consequences of the reformation
Luther's basic principles and the spread of his ideas gave rise to a number of new practices of faith:
- desacralized the priesthood, their clergy became teachers or "ministers" of the congregation
- left convents and monasteries, no pilgrimages, no Icons in churches, no patron saints, no indulgences or special prayers
- the clergy began to marry = clerical marriage, Luther got married
Clergy = ministers
2) Created new religions - Lutherans, Calvinism, Anabaptists, Anglicans/Church of England, Quakers, Presbyterian - every church believed they had a new Insight into religion.
e.g. Anabaptists - derived from the German word to baptize again. They believed that, like Jesus (baptized in his 30th year the convert should be a thinking, willing adult who confesses an experience of faith. This horrified
Catholics and Protestants = threats and fights.
3)New role for Church and State - For ambitious German princes and free cilies, conversion to a new faith meant liberation from Romel This changed the form of goverment and economics in many states.
This leads to wars, pollfical Instability and the Counter Reformation'
66
what are the key points of clerical marriage
→ Luther's marriage challenges religions' demonization of sexuality
→ Signals acceptance of marriage within the Church
→ Revolutionized family life.
No longer marrying for economic reasons, purely just for love now
67
Compare Lutheranism vs Calvinism
Calvinism
Predestination
→ Whether you were blessed or damned by God was already decided. God wills it in advance and nothing done on Earth can change that.
→ A small group of "Elect" or "God's chosen few" were graced, while the majority of humankind was damned. BUT God's ways are secret - so try for faith, if it comes it Is a sign you are the "Elect"
Justification by Faith
→ Faith alone is what justifies a person, not "works" (prayers, sacraments)
→ People don't earn grace by doing good; "good" came from possessing the grace of God.
Grace can be attained on Earth through Faith.
→ Luther believed God was somehow present in the bread and wine used in religious ceremonies (consubstantiation), while Calvin regarded it as purely symbolic.
+ Calvinist worship very severe, based on the Intellectual rather than the emotional:
* No colour, music, incense - anything that appealed to the senses.
* Images representing Christ are removed
* Similar mindset In Puritan England, which arose from the English Reformation.
67
Compare Luther & Calvin
Luther:
→ Born in Germany in 1483.
Monk, spiritually uneasy man
→ Terrified by omnipotence of God. chronically believed he was damned.
→ Aims his criticisms within Germany and
at Rome
Calvin:
Born in France in 1509
Trained as both priest and lawyer
Took a global approach, not confined to a particular country
Very logical, utilized his legal training to criticize the church.
67
How did the reformation change europe
* New religions emerged
* Power of the RCC diminished in some areas and increased in others
* Wars
* Political Instability
* All of these changes took place over a long period of time and in varying areas of Europe
68
Explain the roman holy empire peasant revolt
* Since the power of the RCC was challenged, many peasants believed that they should also challenge the power of the aristocracy = riots, looted and murdered and formed armies
* Led to many battles between 1524 and 1525
* Alarmed the upper classes (both Lutheran and Catholic) - Luther opposed the peasants and backed the aristocracy, he even called them "mad dogs"
* Eventually all revolts were suppressed and the insurgency was smashed, especially by a united group of cities called the Swabian League - rebel forces were killed and the leaders were put to death
69
Why was the peasants revolt historically significant
mmediate: Largest Revolution in Europe, prior to the French Revolution
Long Term Turning point of the political and religious landscape of the
west = beginning of future wars between the Catholics and Protestants
and peasantry and nobility
70
Explain Peace of Augsburg
* Schmalkaldic League was Lutheran and formed in 1531
* It included various princes, dukes and kings within the HRE
* Led to conflicts, wars and battles between the HRE and the Schmalkaldic League Finally ended in 1555 with Charles the V (guy who calls him to verms) signing a treaty - the Peace of Augsburg - allowed local rulers to choose whether they were going to be Lutheran or Catholic
There were wars/conflicts between catholic and protestants for 30 years
if you had power you decide if your region is catholic or protestant.
71
Explain the french wars of religion
* Protestantism was slower to spread in France but some very powerful families converted
* French Protestants were known as Huguenots and they followed another
Reformation leader named John Calvin
* Between 1562 and 1572 there were various battles when it would seem one side or the other was gaining an advantage but fortunes would quickly reverse
72
Explain the France - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
* French Catholics murder thousands of
Huguenots in Paris in 1572
* Leads to a political crisis where 3 different men (confusingly all named Henry) vie for the throne
* The only Protestant Henry - Henry of Navarre - becomes King Henry IV
* In order to keep the peace Henry IV converts to Catholicism (a sign of good faith as the majority of the French people were still Catholic)
* Henry famously declared "Paris Is worth a mass"
* Huguenots were suppressed for the next 25 years and various battles ensued
73
What is the edict of nantes
* 1598 - Signed by Henry IV, granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots BUT maintained Catholicism as the state religion = ended the French Wars of Religion[
* Gave Huguenots rights - free to practice their religion, free to travel, free to hold public office; also grants the right for nobels to practice Protestantism in their own households
* Kept the peace in France for many years
74
Explain what happend in england with the edict of nantes
1) CATHOLIC = Early 1500s Henry VIII (1491-1547)at first spoke out against the Reformation
2) PROTESTANT = Henry VIII then supports the Reformation and starts a new church - the Church of England or Anglican Church (1534) - as King he makes himself the head of the church, so grants himself a divorce
3) PROTESTANT =the Anglican Church continues and becomes more Protestant, a new prayer book is introduced, church services are in English, priests are allowed to marry and church decorations are destroyed
4) CATHOLIC = RCC is restored, Pope is made the head of the church again,
church services are changed to Latin, priests not allowed to marry and kills or imprisons many Anglicans - many flee to the Netherlands
5) PROTESTANT = She is Anglican so restores the Anglican Church BUT tries to find a balance with
the Catholics. She brings in the following:
75
What is the scientific revolution
A series of breakthroughs in our understanding and interpretation of the heavens and earth
76
when was the scientific revolution
The 17th century (1600s), took 100 years to develop
77
Where was the scientific revolution
western europe
78
who started the scientific revolution
Began with Copernicus and Brahe and ended with Newton
79
What is the historical significance of the scientific revolution
Brought changes in humanity's view of itself, nature and god
2 minds led us to the revolution far before it: Aristotle (First great mind)
80
Explain Aristotle's key points
Great 4th century philosopher and scientist, wrote several scientific works.
His work laid the foundation for scientific study throughout the medieval period
He believed in crystal spheres, and that the circle was the perfect shape and that earth was at the center of the universe, because it was the heaviest planet.
Earth was made up of 4 elements, earth, air, fire and water and was motionless without outside force. He believed that angels were the force that moved earth
81
Explain ptolemy's key points
2nd century CE Greek astronomer. mathematician and geographer.
Studied the motion of the planets and 400 years later expands on Aristotle's idea and diagrams the universe.
It is a geocentric (earth centered) model - heavenly spheres were thought to move around the immobile earth, although the earth was made of base material, humans were at the center of the universe, having a special relation to God = Church LOVES this theory! Because during the day the sun is above the earth during the day and below it during the night - Why? It was understandable and common sense of what ones eye saw plus gave us a special link to the Great Chain of Being-
82
what was consdidred science before the scientific revolution
The Middle Ages and the Renaissance looked to magic and symbolic or reasoning to explain what they saw
The experimental method of observation wasn't used at all
Science was based on 5 main ideas:
-Alchemy (Magic - potions)
-Astrology
-Witchcraft
- Superstition
- Religion
Alchemy - trying to convert iron into gold or to find the elixir (maintain life indefinitely) of life, the forerunner of chemistry.
Astrology - events in heaven affecting events on earth - gave birth to the concept of the Great Chain of Being
3) Witchcraft - people believed that demons were around and among them.
4) Superstition - an object, action or circumstance influences a course of events:
5) Religion - the foremost explainer of the world and everyone's mind was on salvation, but we know it was having its own problems.
83
What Factors led to the scientific revolution
1. TRADE & EXPANSION OF TRADE Navigational problems sparked scientific research - ship captains needed reliable methods and maps to chart their positions. Latitude and longitude were calculated and better instruments were developed (ie. telescope, barometer. thermometer, pendulum clock and microscope)
2. WAR -armies were getting bigger and warfare was changing due to the introduction of gunpowder, more accurate and powerful weapons were needed so scientists worked on trajectory and velocity of "missiles", gravitation and air resistance
3. MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES -Working off of ancient texts they laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution = birth of inquiring minds and rational and critical thinking. (science was a minor but distinct branch of philosophy)
4. THE RENAISSANCE - Concept of patronage extended to science and assisted in its growth - the wealthy supported scientific investigations and were eager to show their interest in and support of learning, Also people like Da Vinci helped to advance mathematics and science.
5. Humanism - the belief that humans were rational thinkers and can accomplish anything inspired confidence
6. The Printing Press - Scientists could communicate the results of their research with other scientists and the printing press made it possible to preserve information in an accurate form and diagrams, tables and illustrations could be easily reproduced and became cumulative (easily add to and supplement work)
7. The Reformation - Science can now happen in non Catholic areas.
84
What are buboes
Buboes were swollen and painful lumps that appeared on the bodies of people infected with the bubonic plague, which was part of the Black Death. These buboes were often found in the groin, armpit, or neck regions.
85
What is providence
Providence was a concept rooted in Christian theology that referred to the belief that God's divine guidance and care were active in the world. It was the idea that God was actively involved in the affairs of humanity, directing events according to His will and purpose. People in the Middle Ages often interpreted various events, whether positive or negative, as manifestations of God's Providence. This belief provided a sense of comfort and reassurance to many during times of uncertainty and hardship, as it suggested that God had a plan for everything that happened.
86
Explain Sola Fide
This Latin phrase means "by faith alone." It is the belief that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ alone, rather than through good works or deeds. According to this doctrine, individuals are saved by placing their trust and belief in Jesus Christ as their savior, and not by any actions or merits of their own.
87
Explain Sola Scriptura
This Latin phrase means "by Scripture alone." It is the belief that the Bible is the sole authority for Christian faith and practice. According to this principle, all teachings, beliefs, and practices within Christianity must be based solely on the teachings found in the Bible, rather than on tradition, church authority, or other sources.
88
What is the vernacular
The vernacular refers to the everyday spoken language of ordinary people in a particular region or country, as opposed to formal or literary language. It's the language that people use in their daily lives, such as English, Spanish, French, etc. During certain historical periods, such as the Middle Ages, Latin was often used for formal and scholarly communication
89
What is the diet of worms
The Diet of Worms was a historic event that took place in 1521 in the city of Worms, Germany. It was an assembly convened by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to address the growing controversy surrounding the teachings of Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian. At the Diet of Worms, Luther was given the opportunity to defend his beliefs and writings, particularly his criticisms of the Catholic Church's practices, such as the sale of indulgences.
During the assembly, Luther famously refused to recant his writings unless shown by Scripture or clear reason where he had erred. This defiance led to his excommunication by the Catholic Church and ultimately sparked the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the formation of various Protestant denominations.
In simpler terms, the Diet of Worms was a meeting where Martin Luther defended his beliefs against the Catholic Church, and his refusal to retract them helped trigger the Protestant Reformation.
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What was the catholic counter reformation
The Catholic Counter-Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, was a period of renewal and reform within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. It took place primarily during the 16th and 17th centuries.
During this time, the Catholic Church implemented various reforms to address the criticisms raised by Protestant leaders and to strengthen its position. These reforms included efforts to combat corruption within the Church, improve the education and training of clergy, and clarify Catholic doctrine.
91
What were the 3 major elements of renaissance art
1. Realism
2. Perspective
3. Light colours
92
Explain Danse Macabre
Danse Macabre, which means "Dance of Death" in French, is a theme in art and literature that became popular during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It portrays a skeletal figure, often representing death, leading people from all walks of life, such as kings, peasants, and clergy, in a dance to the grave.
The message conveyed by Danse Macabre is the idea of the universality of death, regardless of one's social status or wealth. It serves as a reminder of the inevitability of death and the equality it brings to all people.
The theme was commonly depicted in paintings, murals, and literary works across Europe during this period, serving as a reflection on the transitory nature of life and the importance of preparing for death spiritually.
93
Explain Salvation
Salvation typically referred to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences, leading to eternal life with God in heaven.
94
What is the roman index of prohibited books
The Roman Index of Prohibited Books, also known as the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, was a list of books that the Catholic Church considered dangerous to faith and morals. It was first published in 1559 and continued to be updated until it was formally abolished in 1966.
The purpose of the Index was to guide Catholics away from reading materials that were deemed heretical, immoral, or harmful to their spiritual well-being. Books included on the Index covered a wide range of subjects, including theology, philosophy, science, and literature.
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What is the roman inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was a system established by the Catholic Church in the 16th century to combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy. It was an extension of the wider Inquisition that had been established earlier in the Middle Ages.
The Roman Inquisition operated under the authority of the Pope and was based in Rome, Italy. Its main purpose was to investigate and prosecute individuals suspected of holding beliefs or engaging in practices deemed contrary to Catholic teachings.
Agents of the Inquisition, known as inquisitors, were appointed to conduct investigations, question suspects, and administer punishments. These punishments could range from fines and public penances to imprisonment, torture, and even execution in extreme cases.
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What are Jesuits
Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order within the Catholic Church founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 16th century. The Jesuits are known for their commitment to education, missionary work, and social justice.
The Society of Jesus was established with the goal of serving the Church and the greater good by promoting spiritual renewal and engaging in a wide range of ministries. Jesuits take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and they live in community under the leadership of a superior.
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What is the council
The Council of Trent was a meeting held by the Catholic Church in the 16th century to address the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation. It took place in Trento, Italy, between 1545 and 1563.
At the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders discussed and decided on various matters related to doctrine, discipline, and reform within the Church. They sought to clarify Catholic teachings, address criticisms raised by Protestant reformers, and implement measures to counter the spread of Protestantism.
Key topics discussed at the Council of Trent included the authority of Scripture and tradition, the doctrine of justification (how people are made right with God), the sacraments, the role of the clergy, and the veneration of saints and relics.
The decisions made at the Council of Trent helped to reaffirm and strengthen Catholic beliefs and practices, and they also led to various reforms within the Church. The Council of Trent is considered one of the most important events in Catholic Church history and had a significant impact on the development of Catholic doctrine and identity.
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Who was Galileo Galilei and what was his contributions and why were they significant
Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who lived in the 16th and 17th centuries and made significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution. His most notable achievements include:
Telescope Improvements: Galileo constructed a telescope and made significant improvements to its design. With this instrument, he observed the night sky and made groundbreaking discoveries, such as the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the craters on the Moon.
Laws of Motion: Galileo conducted experiments on motion and developed the concept of inertia, which states that an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. His work laid the foundation for Isaac Newton's laws of motion.
Heliocentrism: Galileo defended the heliocentric model of the solar system proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, which stated that the Earth orbits around the Sun. His observations provided evidence supporting this model and challenged the geocentric view of the universe held by the Catholic Church.
Galileo's contributions were significant because they challenged traditional beliefs and paved the way for modern scientific inquiry. His use of observation and experimentation laid the groundwork for the scientific method, which emphasizes empirical evidence and systematic observation in the pursuit of knowledge. Despite facing opposition from the Catholic Church and enduring house arrest later in life, Galileo's work played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the natural world and advancing science.
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Who was Johannes Kepler and what was his contributions and why were they significant
johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who lived in the 16th and 17th centuries and made significant contributions to the scientific revolution.
One of Kepler's most important contributions was his three laws of planetary motion, which revolutionized our understanding of how planets move around the sun. These laws describe the paths of planets as elliptical orbits rather than the previously assumed circular orbits. Kepler's laws also describe the relationship between a planet's distance from the sun and the time it takes to complete its orbit, as well as the relationship between a planet's speed and its position in its orbit.
Kepler's discoveries were significant because they provided a more accurate description of the movements of celestial bodies, which laid the groundwork for Isaac Newton's later work on universal gravitation and the laws of motion. Kepler's laws also helped to challenge and eventually replace the geocentric model of the universe, which had been widely accepted for centuries.
Overall, Johannes Kepler's contributions to astronomy and mathematics were instrumental in advancing our understanding of the universe and shaping the scientific revolution. His work paved the way for further discoveries and laid the foundation for modern astronomy and physics.
100
Who was Issac Newton and what was his contributions and why were they significant
saac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who made significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. His most famous work is "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), commonly known as the Principia, published in 1687.
Newton's contributions were monumental for several reasons:
Laws of Motion: Newton formulated three laws of motion that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws laid the foundation for classical mechanics and revolutionized the understanding of motion and dynamics.
Law of Universal Gravitation: Newton proposed that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force called gravity. He developed a mathematical formula to calculate this force, which explains phenomena such as the motion of planets around the sun and the falling of objects on Earth. This law unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics and provided a framework for understanding the motion of celestial bodies.
Mathematical Techniques: Newton developed calculus independently of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Calculus provided powerful mathematical tools for analyzing rates of change and solving problems in physics and mathematics. It became an essential tool for scientists in various fields.
Optics: Newton conducted experiments with light and discovered that white light is composed of a spectrum of colors. He developed the theory of color based on his experiments with prisms, which challenged the prevailing theories of light at the time.
Newton's contributions were significant because they provided a comprehensive and mathematically rigorous framework for understanding the natural world. His laws of motion and law of universal gravitation laid the groundwork for classical physics and had a profound impact on subsequent scientific developments. Newton's work represented a paradigm shift in scientific thinking and helped establish the scientific method as the primary approach to understanding the universe.
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Who was Francis Bacon and what was his contributions and why were they significant
Francis Bacon was an English philosopher and statesman who lived during the 16th and 17th centuries. He made significant contributions to the Scientific Revolution through his ideas on the scientific method and empirical observation.
Bacon emphasized the importance of systematic observation and experimentation in the pursuit of knowledge. He advocated for a methodical approach to scientific inquiry, where hypotheses are tested through careful observation and experimentation to arrive at reliable conclusions. This approach, known as the Baconian method or empiricism, laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry.
Bacon's work was significant because it helped to shift the focus of scientific investigation from abstract theories and philosophical speculation to practical experimentation and observation of the natural world. His ideas influenced many scientists and philosophers of his time and paved the way for the development of modern science.
Overall, Francis Bacon's contributions to the Scientific Revolution helped to establish a new approach to scientific inquiry based on empirical evidence and experimentation, which remains central to scientific practice today.
102
What does utopia mean
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance times, a utopia was a concept referring to an ideal society or community where everything was imagined to be perfect or nearly perfect. The term "utopia" was popularized by Sir Thomas More's book of the same name, published in 1516.
In these periods, utopias were often depicted in literature and philosophy as imaginary or fictional places where social, political, and economic systems were structured in an ideal way to promote harmony, justice, and happiness among the inhabitants. Utopias were envisioned as places with no poverty, inequality, or conflict, where people lived in peace and prosperity.
Utopian literature explored various ideas about how such societies could be organized, often reflecting the social and political concerns of the time. These works aimed to inspire readers to think critically about their own societies and to imagine possibilities for improvement and reform.
103
What is Huguenots
The Huguenots were French Protestants who lived primarily in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were followers of the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, which was influenced by the teachings of John Calvin.
The Huguenots faced persecution and discrimination in France due to their religious beliefs, which differed from the Catholic majority. They were subjected to laws and policies that restricted their rights and freedoms, including the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685, which revoked the rights granted to them by the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
104
Explain what a calvinist is
Calvinists are followers of the teachings of John Calvin, a French theologian who lived in the 16th century. Calvinism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the authority of Scripture.
Calvinists believe in the doctrine of predestination, which teaches that God has predetermined who will be saved and who will not. They also emphasize the importance of living a life of obedience to God's will, guided by the teachings of the Bible.
Calvinism has had a significant influence on Protestant theology, particularly in areas such as church governance, worship practices, and moral beliefs. It has been influential in shaping the beliefs and practices of various Protestant denominations, including Presbyterianism, Reformed churches, and others.
105
Explain what a protestant is
A Protestant is a follower of Protestantism, which is a branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century as a movement protesting against certain practices and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants believe in the authority of the Bible as the sole source of divine revelation and salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.
Protestants reject certain Catholic doctrines and practices, such as the authority of the Pope, the doctrine of purgatory, the veneration of saints and relics, and the belief in transubstantiation. They emphasize principles such as salvation by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the importance of personal relationship with God.
