Test 1 Review

Question 1

Who prepares a PSI?

Answer 1

Probation officers

Question 2

What is the recidivism rate of drug courts?

Answer 2

DO NOT have a high recidivism rate

Question 3

What is sentence disparity and what is it’s biggest concern?

Answer 3

Occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders. Biggest Concern: racial discrimination

Question 4

what is an indeterminate sentence?

Answer 4

Actual number of years a person may serve is NOT fixed but a RANGE of years

Question 5

What is a concurrent sentence?

Answer 5

All sentences served at one time

Question 6

What is a consecutive sentence?

Answer 6

Sentences served sequentially (one after another)

Question 7

What is shock probation?

Answer 7

Exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time (90 days) followed by probation

Question 8

what is split sentence?

Answer 8

Work release: A person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights, but released to work during the day

Question 9

What is ethical formalism?

Answer 9

Philosophical touch-stone that’s referenced at a guide to human decision making

Question 10

How does negative subculture affect correctional environments?

Answer 10

promote unethical work environment

Question 11

How does the U.S compare to others in relation to incarceration rates?

Answer 11

U.S has highest incarceration rate in the world

Question 12

What is discretion?

Answer 12

The ability to make choices and act or not act on those choices

Question 13

What is justice?

Answer 13

-moral concept that is difficult to define
-treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior

Question 14

What is the mark system and how is it used?

Answer 14

A graduated reward system where prisoners could earn points for good behavior, which entitled them to privileges

Question 15

What are teleological ethical systems?

Answer 15

Focuses on consequences of an action

Question 16

Define ethics

Answer 16

-what is right and wrong
-what is allowed and not allowed according to code of ethics and policies and procedures

Question 17

What are deontological ethical systems?

Answer 17

Focuses on the act itself

Question 18

Who focused on ethical formalism?

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant (1774-1804)

Question 19

What os Utilitarianism?

Answer 19

Behavior should be aimed at the greatest good for the most people

Question 20

How did the Quakers impact prisons in Pennsylvania?

Answer 20

profound impact, ideally operated based on quaker religious beliefs

Question 21

What is the Pennsylvania prison model?

Answer 21

-devised to operate in solitary confinement and separate fashion
-labor prohibited
-inmates sentences for full duration

Question 22

Which facility represented being sent “up the river”?

Answer 22

Sing Sing prison

Question 23

Which early prison focused on complete solitary confinement?

Answer 23

western Pennsylvania prison

Question 24

When did solitary confinement formally end?

Answer 24

formally ended in 1913

Question 25

What is the solitary and separate system and what prison devised this method?

Answer 25

Western Pennsylvania prison - labor prohibited

Question 26

What instituted the great law?

Answer 26

William Penn proposed and instituted great law in 1682 - Deemphasized use of capital punishments for all but most serious cases

Question 27

How did Cesare Beccaria's book on crime and punishment impact the prison system?

Answer 27

Essential that punishment be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances proportionate to the crime, determined by law

Question 28

What are correctional institutions?

Answer 28

Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiences

Question 29

What is the medical model?

Answer 29

Rehabilitation model that assumes criminals are sick and need treatment

Question 30

Define rehabilitation

Answer 30

Assumes individuals can be transformed through effective programming

Question 31

How does money impact correctional policy decisions?

Answer 31

Money is most overriding theme

Question 32

What was the first correctional facility to develop?

Answer 32

Jails

Question 33

What are bridewells?

Answer 33

Early workhouses to hold and whip "beggars, prostitutes, and night walkers"

Question 34

What is transportation?

Answer 34

Practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to penal colonies was called transportation

Question 35

Who was John Howard?

Answer 35

-sheriff of Bedford -Believe jails and prisons should have set of standards -prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

Question 36

What is a panopticon prison design?

Answer 36

rounded prison design where multi-tiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed - wagon wheel

Question 37

What is Hedonism?

Answer 37

All life goals are desirable only as a means to an end of achieving pleasure or avoid pain

Question 38

What is positivism?

Answer 38

need for empirical science, led to dismissal of classical school of notions

Question 39

What is reintegration?

Answer 39

use time served to prepare for re-entry to society

Question 40

What is general deterrence?

Answer 40

focuses on the prevention of criminal behavior in public as a whole

Question 41

When did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America?

Answer 41

studied American penal system in 1831 - observed law, government, politics and race relations

Question 42

What is the purpose of corrections?

Answer 42

Serves the primary function of management, punishment, supervision, and treatment of accused and convicted individuals

Question 43

What is penology?

Answer 43

Study of the process adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime

Question 44

What is the code of Hammurabi?

Answer 44

Earliest known written code of punishment

Question 45

What was Bentham's philosophy of utility?

Answer 45

Greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Question 46

When did positivism emerge?

Answer 46

Late 19th century