Test 1 Review

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

The systematic study of humankind, in the past and present, looking at everything related to the human condition.

Question 2

Human Culture

Answer 2

Learned behaviors that shape human experiences, including religion, food preferences, gender, race, and ethnicity.

Question 3

Ethnocentricism

Answer 3

The belief that one’s own culture and values are superior to another culture’s; anthropologists actively work against this.

Question 4

Culture Shock

Answer 4

The experience of disorientation and discomfort when encountering a different culture.

Question 5

Cultural Relativism

Answer 5

Understanding another society in its own terms, the opposite of ethnocentrism.

Question 6

Biocultural

Answer 6

The concept that our cultural upbringing and biology both determine who we are.

Question 7

Sex

Answer 7

Observable physical characteristics that distinguish males and females, historically defined at birth in dichotomous terms.

Question 8

Intersex

Answer 8

Conditions associated with the presence of both male and female reproductive organs, affecting chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical features

Question 9

Gender

Answer 9

A culturally constructed form of identity consisting of the roles people are expected to play because of their declared sex.

Question 10

Gender Performance

Answer 10

The way gender identity is expressed through symbolic, repetitive behaviors and manipulation of gender markers like clothes and hairstyles.

Question 11

Hegemonic Gender Norms

Answer 11

Dominant or mainstream forms of masculinity and femininity in a culture, often predicted by gender stereotypes.

Question 12

Third Gender

Answer 12

Gender roles distinct from the dichotomous feminine or masculine roles

Question 13

Two-Spirits

Answer 13

Individuals viewed as having both male and female energy, fulfilling various roles in Native American societies.

Question 14

Sworn Virgins of Albania (Burrneshat)

Answer 14

Biological females who live as men, taking a vow of celibacy in exchange for male rights and power.

Question 15

Fa’afafine

Answer 15

Biological males in Samoa who dress like women and take on female gender roles.

Question 16

Hijra

Answer 16

A third gender in South Asia, often born male or intersex, who do not identify as male or female.

Question 17

Travesti

Answer 17

Transgendered sex workers in Brazil who identify as “enhanced men” rather than women, with gender/sex grounded in the act of anal penetration.

Question 18

Muxes

Answer 18

Individuals in Oaxaca, Mexico, assigned male at birth but expressing themselves as female, considered a third gender.

Question 19

Sexuality

Answer 19

Cultural rules and expectations regarding sexual activity

Question 20

Sexual Behavior

Answer 20

Varies across cultures and includes practices like kissing, foreplay, oral sex, and anal sex.

Question 21

Sexual Restrictiveness

Answer 21

Varies by culture; homosexuality is often less condoned in pro-natalist societies.

Question 22

Heteronormative

Answer 22

The default for framing sexual relationships as cisgender, heterosexual, and reproductive.

Question 23

Primatology

Answer 23

The study of non-human primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas.

Question 24

Ethnoprimatology

Answer 24

A combination of biological and cultural anthropology, studying human-primate interactions in the Anthropocene.

Question 25

Paleoanthropology

Answer 25

The study of fossilized remains of humans and non-human primates to reconstruct the evolutionary family tree

Question 26

Hominim/Hominid

Answer 26

Bipedal ancestors of humans

Question 27

Lumpers

Answer 27

Paleoanthropologists who prefer to group fossils into existing classifications.

Question 28

Splitters

Answer 28

Paleoanthropologists who prefer to split fossils into new species.

Question 29

Australopithecines

Answer 29

An early hominin genus that includes multiple species found in East and South Africa, known for bipedalism.

Question 30

Homo Habilis

Answer 30

An early species of the genus Homo, known for the use of Oldowan stone tools.

Question 31

Homo Erectus

Answer 31

A later species of Homo known for larger body sizes, more sophisticated tools (Acheulian), use of fire, and migration out of Africa.

Question 32

Neanderthals

Answer 32

A distinct species of Homo that inhabited Europe and Asia, known for their Mousterian tools, burial practices, and genetic contribution to modern humans.

Question 33

Denisovans

Answer 33

Another distinct species of Homo that lived in Asia, known from limited remains but significant genetic contribution to present-day Southeast Asians.

Question 34

Homo Sapiens

Answer 34

Modern humans, characterized by distinct chins, flatter faces, and smaller cranial capacity compared to Neanderthals.

Question 35

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 35

The study of contemporary cultures and societies.

Question 36

Linguistic Anthropology

Answer 36

The study of the construction and use of language by human societies.

Question 37

Archaeology

Answer 37

The study of past societies and their cultures using material remains.

Question 38

Biological/Physical Anthropology

Answer 38

The study of all aspects of the biology and behavior of the human species, past and present.

Question 39

Applied Anthropology

Answer 39

Using anthropological knowledge to solve real-world problems.

Question 40

Taphonomy

Answer 40

The study of the processes that material culture undergoes during its use and after being discarded.

Question 41

Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Answer 41

The idea that the expansion of the brain in the genus Homo was linked to a reduction in the size of the digestive system.

Question 42

Subsistence Strategy

Answer 42

Different societies employ different methods to provide food for themselves, such as hunting and gathering versus agriculture. These strategies impact societal structure and complexity. For 99% of human history, foraging/hunting and gathering was the norm.

Question 43

The Mesolithic

Answer 43

This period, approximately 17,000-10,000 years ago, saw the extinction of large game species due to climatic changes, leading to a shift to broad-spectrum collecting and less nomadic populations.

Question 44

Domestication

Answer 44

The process where plants and animals become dependent on human intervention for survival. Humans began to intensively cultivate a small range of plants.

Question 45

Natufians

Answer 45

A transitional group between hunter-gatherers and agricultural society with more permanent shelters and complex graveyards. They lived in the Middle East where some of the first evidence of domestication emerged.

Question 46

Cultivated Wheat

Answer 46

Wheat that has been domesticated and undergone changes due to human intervention through the breeding and selection of seeds with desired qualities.

Question 47

Fertile Cresent

Answer 47

The region in the Middle East, where the Natufians lived, that shows some of the first evidence of domestication along rivers around 11-10 thousand years ago. Domesticated wheat and barley were found here.

Question 48

Mesoamerica

Answer 48

The region including Mexico and El Salvador, where maize, beans, and squash were domesticated.

Question 49

The Three Sisters

Answer 49

Corn, beans, and squash; grown together in North America because they interact and provide nutrients to each other.