Test 1 review Items (Uncategorized)

Question 1

what do prokaryotes have in replace of organelles? why are they not considered organelles?

Answer 1

inclusion bodies

store nutrients, metabolic end products, energy building blocs

they are not organelles because they are not membrane bound

Question 2

carbon storage inclusions

Answer 2

PHB, glycogen

Question 3

phosphate storage inclusions

Answer 3

polyphosphate granules (Volutin)

Question 4

cyanophycin granules store…

Answer 4

amino acids

Question 5

magnetosomes

Answer 5

possessed by aquatic bacteria

serve purpose to orient

use earth’s ion to orient

Question 6

gas vacuoles

Answer 6

provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

Question 7

cell walls found in bacteria are composed of

Answer 7

peptidoglycan/muerin

Question 8

True or false

Peptidoglycan cell walls are characteristic of Gram + cells alone.

Answer 8

False

BOTH have peptidoglycan

Question 9

psuedomuerin

Answer 9

component of archea cell walls

Question 10

methods of bacterial reproduction

Answer 10

binary fission (majority)
sporulation
fragmentation

Question 11

cell walls of eukaryotes are composed of

Answer 11

polysaccharides

Question 12

mitotic spindle is made up of

Answer 12

microtubules (have cytoskeletal elements)

only eukaryotes

Question 13

cytoskeletal elements are present in bacteria

true or false?

Answer 13

true

homologs of microtubules in eukaryotes

Question 14

compare phospholipids of cell walls between 3 domains

Answer 14

Bacteria/Eukaryotes: Ester Bond, bilayer

Archea: ether bonds, some have monolayer (thanks to tetra ethers)

Question 15

what do eukaryotes have in their cell membranes that give protection?

Answer 15

sterols

Question 16

bacteria replacement for sterols

Answer 16

hopanoids

Question 17

lysosomes

Answer 17

digestion, essential to disease process

fuses to phagocytic cells and catalyzes its breakdown

Question 18

what is the main difference between bacteria and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 18

size

function is the same

Question 19

ribosome function

Answer 19

sites of protein synthesis

Question 20

what is the bacterial subunit in ribosomes?

Answer 20

70s

Question 21

80s is characteristic of ribosomes for what?

Answer 21

eukaryotes

Svedburg

Question 22

subunits of bacterial ribosomes

Answer 22

16s (small subunit)

23s and 5s (large subunit)

Question 23

what is characteristic of the 16s subunit?

Answer 23

recognizes shine delgarnö sequence (important for initiation of translation)

Question 24

what function does the 23s subunit have?

Answer 24

transpeptidation reaction

forming peptide bond

Question 25

what is common between gram + and -

Answer 25

both have cell wall periplasmic space (larger in gram -)

Question 26

Gram + is unique for

Answer 26

teichoic acids two forms-- one holds layers together lipotiechoic anchors it to membrane

Question 27

Gram -

Answer 27

outermsmbrane ``` has Lipid Polysaccharide Lipid A (endotoxin) Pores (porin proteins) ```

Question 28

2 carriers of peptidoglycan synthesis

Answer 28

UDP and Bactoprenol

Question 29

UDP

Answer 29

activated sugar, binds to carry the NAM/NAG Charges NAGs and NAMS (allow to build that NAG-NAM structure) shuttles NAM or NAG to membrane

Question 30

where does peptidoglycan synthesis occur in the cell

Answer 30

cytoplasm (inside cell)

Question 31

bactoprenol

Answer 31

shuttles NAG/NAM across membrane to outside of cell

Question 32

Components outside of cell wall

Answer 32

Glycocalyx forms capsules and slime layers, S layers, biofilms outside of cell

Question 33

form of Glycocalyx that is loosely associated, less firmly attached and less organized

Answer 33

slime layer

Question 34

form of Glycocalyx that is firmly attached and beta organized

Answer 34

capsules

Question 35

important functions of capsules

Answer 35

protects cell from phagocytic cells | obscures glycoproteins that would serve as flags to the host immune system

Question 36

endospore

Answer 36

complex, dormant structure formed by bacteria in harsh, dry conditions or nutrient deprivation sends signal to alter gene expression to make alternative sigma factors replication in genome for survival resistant to environment

Question 37

Motility 4 mechanisms

Answer 37

flagellar movement (liquid) spirochete motility (liquid) twitching (solid) gliding (solid)

Question 38

a run is what rotation of flagella

Answer 38

counter clockwise

Question 39

a lot of attractants are present, flagella

Answer 39

do a random walk that oscillates between run and tumble

Question 40

spirochete motility

Answer 40

corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements one single axil fibril