Test #1 (Semester 2) Flashcards
plasmid
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome, used as vectors to insert DNA
vector
gene carriers to insert DNA during genetic engineering (plasmid, viruses, liposomes)
restriction enzymes
cutting tools used for making recombinant DNA or DNA profiles (protects bacteria against viruses)
sticky ends
single stranded ends of the DNA and are used to join together the fragments created by restriction enzymes
probe
labeled complementary piece of nucleic acid used to find a specific gene within a mass of DNA (during southern blots)
genetic engineering
insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins
recombinant DNA
formed when two fragments of DNA cut by the same restriction enzyme come together,and join by base pairing.
gel electrophoresis
Electric gradient moves DNA through agarose gel creating Readable pattern of DNA fragments.
Which fragments move through electrophoresis faster? why?
Small because they can work their ways through the gel easier
DNA has what charge?
negative because it moves toward the positive electrode in electrophoresis
PCR
tool that copies DNA pieces quickly
Uses for DNA profiling
Solve crimes, identify bodies, identify paternity, diagnose genetic diseases
What enzyme is needed in PCR?
DNA polymerase (to copy DNA)
Steps to add a gene into a bacteria
Main goal - deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and insert it into a bacteria
Form genetic clones
• Gene is identified by a probe
• cut gene using restriction enzyme
• cut plasmid using same restriction enzyme
• Insert gene into a plasmid, sticky ends fuse
• Plasmid inserts gene into a bacteria
• bacteria makes of desired protein
What proteins are genetically engineered in bacteria
insulin, factor VII, cellulase (jeans), “snow” protein
Southern blot
uses probes to bind to DNA bands in gel to make a permanent Xray image of DNA profile
Steps of DNA profile
- collect DNA/cell sample
- Extract DNA from cell and purify
- copy DNA with PCR
- cut DNA with restriction enzymes
- sort DNA pieces with electrophoresis
- tag DNA bands with probe
- make permanent with Southern blot
where can you get DNA in a fingerprint?
any cell (blood, semen, skin, hair root)
agarose
used to make the gel in electrophoresis
Human Genome Project
international project that found the DNA code of humans
who were the heads of the human genome project?
James watson (started), Dr. Francis (finished)
Craig Venter
created a fast way of sequencing a gene using computers
gene sequencing
uses electrophoresis to find the order of the bases of a gene/piece of DNA
liposome
small ball of lipids with a gene inside that acts as a vector to insert DNA during engineering
