Test 1 Study

Question 0

Define rational

Answer 0

Logical thinking

Question 1

What are the three essentials to science?

Answer 1

Rational and empirical
Science probabilistic
Science is public and open to verification

Question 2

Define empirical

Answer 2

Test observations

Question 3

What is a theory?

Answer 3

A theory is a statement or set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another
A logical rationale or explanation for the prediction

Question 4

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 4

Predictions about the relationship between variables

Question 5

What are the five characteristics of a good theory?

Answer 5

Supported by empirical data
Falsifiable
Parsimonious
Useful
Comprehensive

Question 6

Define junk science

Answer 6

important topic, poor method

Question 7

Define pragmatic science

Answer 7

Important topic and strong methodological rigor

Question 8

Define irrelevant science

Answer 8

An unimportant topic and strong methodological rigor

Question 9

Define hopeless science

Answer 9

An unimportant topic and poor methodological rigor

Question 10

Theories are never proved or disapproved then what are they?

Answer 10

only supported or not supported

Question 11

What are research-based claims evaluated on?

Answer 11

Practical importance
Methodological rigor
Weight of evidence

Question 12

How are peer-reviews conducted?

Answer 12

they are conducted under double-blind review process

Question 13

What is the problem with personal experience?

Answer 13

It lacks the comparison essential for scientific research

Question 14

Define confounds

Answer 14

Alternative plausible explanations

Question 15

What are the seven biases of intuition?

Answer 15

The good story bias
The Present/present bias
The pop-up principal
Hindsight bias
Cherry picking the evidence
Asking biased or leading questions
The overconfidence bias

Question 16

That is cherry picking the evidence?

Answer 16

Getting information that confirms what we believe and ignoring evidence that contradicts it

Question 17

Results from asking biased or leading questions?

Answer 17

The biases the answers to confirm our own beliefs.

Question 18

What is the good story bias?

Answer 18

That sounds good so except it as true

An example would be getting a cold from being out in the rain

Question 19

The present/present bias

Answer 19

We noticed what is present more than what is not present

Question 20

The pop-up principle

Answer 20

that which comes into our mind easily

Vivid, recent ,and memorable events seem more correct

Question 21

Hindsight bias

Answer 21

Inclination to see events that already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place

Question 22

What are variables?

Answer 22

Any factor that can be changed

Question 23

What are the three types of variables?

Answer 23

Independent variable
Dependent variable
Controlled variable

Question 24

What is the benefit to random assignment?

Answer 24

It helps to account for some of the variability

Question 25

How are the variables coined in correlational research?

Answer 25

Independent variables are measured -often called predictors Dependent variables are measured – often called criterion Controlled variables are held constant statistically

Question 26

What are constructs?

Answer 26

Conceptual definitions

Question 27

What are operational definitions?

Answer 27

How researchers manipulate or measure a variable within the scientific study Researchers directly test operational definitions and not constructs

Question 28

Name the three types of claims

Answer 28

Frequency claim, association claim, causal claim.

Question 29

What is a frequency claim?

Answer 29

A measurement of the prevalence or parameter estimation

Question 30

What is an association claim?

Answer 30

Two variables are related but causation cannot be implied

Question 31

What are the three criteria for a causal claim?

Answer 31

Covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity

Question 32

What is construct validity?

Answer 32

How well our operational definition measures our construct

Question 33

What is external validity?

Answer 33

How well does our study generalize to people or to other settings

Question 34

What is statistical validity?

Answer 34

How accurate conclusions about the data, we use correct stats analysis and P values and effect size and we also establish covariance

Question 35

Define internal validity

Answer 35

How well does this study control for confounds and it only applies to causal claims

Question 36

What are the sub validities to construct validity?

Answer 36

``` Face validity Content validity Concurrent validity Predictive validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity ```