Test 1 - Study Companion Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
positive phototaxis
A
moves towards light
2
Q
negative phototaxis
A
moves away from light
3
Q
endospore
A
resistent cells formed when nutrients are lacking - go dormant
4
Q
binary fission
A
how prokaryotes reproduce asexall
5
Q
phototroph
A
uses light energy
6
Q
chemotroph
A
energy from chemicals in environment
7
Q
autotroph
A
need only CO2
8
Q
heterotroph
A
require at least on organic nutrient
9
Q
obigate aerobe
A
require O2
10
Q
faculative anerobe
A
O2 if present, but can grow anerobically if none
11
Q
obligate anaerobe
A
O2 poisons
12
Q
bioremediate
A
use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air and soil
13
Q
two branches of prokaryotic evolution
A
Bacteria & Archaea
14
Q
components of prokaryotic cell wall
A
peptidoglycan and outter membran if gram negative
15
Q
cell wall of Gram positive differ from gram negative
A
Gram posotive has peptidoglycan
16
Q
what functions of cell wall of prokaryotes
A
maintains shap
protection
prevents bursing in hypotonic enviroment
17
Q
Why gram negative pathogens more threatenting than Gram positive ones
A
outer membrane protects against host defenses
18
Q
How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth
A
inhibits x-link formation
19
Q
What is a capsule
A
sticky substance forms protective layer
20
Q
What re fimbrie
A
hair like appendages
21
Q
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A
pro - no internal membranes
smaller genomes
infolded membrane regions
22
Q
What is a plasmid
A
smaller rings of DNA
23
Q
How does erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial growth
A
block protein syntehsis by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes
24
Q
what is horizontal gene transfer
A
DNA from different individuals brought together
25
three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between individuals
Transformation - genes from environemnt
Conjugation - transfer of genes from one to another
Transduction - viruses transfer genes from one prokaryotes to another
26
photoautotrophs
photosynthetic organisms use light energy and CO2
27
chemoautotrophs
only need CO2 but use other inorganic subtances for oxidation
28
photoheterotrophs
light for energy and obtain carbon in organic form
29
chemoheterotrophs
consume organic molecules for energy and carbon
30
denitrification vs nitrogen fixation
denitrify - NO2 and NO3 return N2 to atmosphere
nitrogen fixation - convert N2 to NH4
31
metabolic cooperation
cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use enviromental resources couldn't otherwise use
32
biofilm
coatings of cooperating prokaryotes
33
extreme thermophile
live in high temperatures
34
halophile
live in high salt environments
35
methanogen
obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize CH4
36
symbiosis
ecological relationship
37
opportunistic pathogen
stricks when immune down
38
endotoxin
proteins secreted by prokaryote
39
exotoxin
released when bacteria die
40
protist
unicellular eukaryotes
41
eukaryote
have internal organelles
42
definiative host
organism where parasite reproduces sexually
43
intermediate host
organism which parasite does not reproduce sexually
44
protists discovered by whom
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
45
protissts differ from prokaryotes
organelles
46
why protists in 5 super groups
history and evolution not understood
47
5 protist supergroups
```
Excavata
Chromaveolata
Rhinizaria
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
```
48
kinetoplastic
singe large mirochondrion contains kinetoplast
49
kinetoplast
organized mass of DNA
50
three diseases involving kinetoplastids
African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease
Leishmaniasis
51
African Sleeping sickness vector
Resivoir Antelope > Definitive Tsetse Fly > Intermediate Human
52
Chagas disease vector
Resivoir Mice > Definative Reduviid Bug > Intermediate Human
53
red tide
caused by dinoflagellates which produce toxins
54
Leishmaniasis vector
Resivoir Rat > Definative Sand Fly > Intermiedate Human
55
apocomplexan
have a apicoplast which is similar to chloroplast
56
malaria life cycle
definative mosquito> human lifer > blood
57
cilliate feature
use cilia to move
58
What some characterisitcs of diatoms
unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue
59
What some characterisitcs of diatoms
unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue
60
hyphae
tiny filaments present in fungi except yeasts and microsporidia
61
septa
how multicellular fungi
62
haustoria
hypahe which are modified to pentrate host tissue
63
haploid
one set of genes
64
diploid
two sets of genes
65
heterokaryon
hypahe which has genetically different nuclei
66
zygosporangium
spherical resistent spehres formed during reproduction
67
asci
saclike holder of spores in ascomycota
68
ascocarp
macroscopic fruiting bodies
69
conidia
spores produced on specialized hypahe
70
basidiocarp
mushroom fruting bodies
71
fungus different from plans and animals
animals and fungi have commona ncestor
72
mycelium
network of hypahe
73
carbohydrate in cell walls
chitin
74
coenocytic fungus
cordinated unit of multople cells
75
two major stages in sexual life cycle fungi
Zygote, heterokaryotics stage
76
five fungal phyla
```
Chrytrids - chytridiomycota
Zygote - zgomycota
Arbuscular mycorrhizal - glomeromycota
Sac Fungi - Ascomycota
Club Fungi - Basidiomycota
```
77
fairy ring
at edge of mycellium fruting bodies
78
mold
rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungi
79
yeast
unicellular fungi which inhabit moist habitats
80
lichen
symbiotic assocition of photosynthetic migroorganisms and fungus
81
mycosis
fungal infection
82
cephalization
anterior sensory organs - head
83
trchophore
free moving plankton with cilia
84
lophophorate
feeding organ
85
ecdysozoa
nematodes linked arthropods
86
animal kingdome from others
```
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
Glycogen
No cell wall
Collagen
Nervous and muscle tissue
Produce sexually
```
87
protist ancestor of fungi and animal
colonial flagellated protist
88
causes of diversification of animals
Preditor prey relationships
Changes in O2 levels
Variations of Hox gene expression
89
four key evolutionary branches
Tissues
Body Symetry
Body Cavities
Protosome-Deuterosome Dichotomy
90
distinction between parazoa and eumentazoa
eumetazoa have tissues parazoa do not
91
planes of symmetry radial and bilateral
radial have infinite, bilateral just one
92
relationshp of symmetry and lifestyle
radial = more movement
93
bilateral have that radial usually don't
cephalization or heads
94
germ layers of diploblastic animal
ectoderm
| endoderm
95
germ layers of triploblastic animal
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
96
developmental stages from zygote to gastrula
Zygote > 8 cell state > Blastula > Gastrula
97
triploblastic animals without cavity
acoeleomates
98
distinguishes coelom from pseudocoelom
if competely lined with mesoderm
99
functions body cavity
Cusion Organs
Enable organs to grow indepently
locomotion in annelida
100
stages protosomal development
Clevage - spiral determinate
Coelom formation - meoderm splits
Mouth develops from blastopore
101
stages deuterostomal development
Clevage - radial
Coelomtoration - hollows
Anus from blastopore mouth from second opening
102
hermaphrodite
both male and female in one individual
103
choanocyte
collar cells lining inside of body
104
amoebocyte
mobile cell which moves like an amoeba within a sponge
105
osculum
water exits in a choanocyte
106
spongocoel
pores in central cavity of sponge
107
gastrovascular cavity
open interior cavity
108
sessile
doesn't move
109
cnidocyte
on tenticles contain stining capsules
110
nematosyte
stinging capsules
111
parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction of self
112
radula
straplike rasping organ for feeding
113
complete metamorphosis
.
114
incomplete metamorphosis
.
115
hemolymph
.
116
tracheal system
.
117
spiracles
.
118
tube feed
.
119
endoskeleton
.
120
two body plans of cnidarians
sessile polp
| floating medusae
121
most billaterial acoelomates members of which phylum
.
122
name intermediate and terminal hosts in blood fluke
.
123
three parts of mollusk
.
124
characteristics distinguish cephalopods from other mollusks
.
125
lophophore and function
.
126
three phyla with lopophores
.
127
what characteristics distinguis oligocheate from polychaeta
.
128
two evolutionary innovations well developed in annelids
.
129
three characteristics of arthropods
.
130
advatages and disadvantages of arthropod exoskeletan
.
131
major anatomical features of insecta
.
132
crustacea distinguised fomr counting
.
133
barnacle
.
134
two phyla have deuterstome development
.
135
which structrue unique to echinoderms
.
