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Biology 109 - Final > Test 1 - Study Companion > Flashcards

Test 1 - Study Companion Flashcards

1
Q

positive phototaxis

A

moves towards light

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2
Q

negative phototaxis

A

moves away from light

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3
Q

endospore

A

resistent cells formed when nutrients are lacking - go dormant

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4
Q

binary fission

A

how prokaryotes reproduce asexall

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5
Q

phototroph

A

uses light energy

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6
Q

chemotroph

A

energy from chemicals in environment

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7
Q

autotroph

A

need only CO2

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8
Q

heterotroph

A

require at least on organic nutrient

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9
Q

obigate aerobe

A

require O2

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10
Q

faculative anerobe

A

O2 if present, but can grow anerobically if none

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11
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

O2 poisons

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12
Q

bioremediate

A

use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air and soil

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13
Q

two branches of prokaryotic evolution

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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14
Q

components of prokaryotic cell wall

A

peptidoglycan and outter membran if gram negative

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15
Q

cell wall of Gram positive differ from gram negative

A

Gram posotive has peptidoglycan

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16
Q

what functions of cell wall of prokaryotes

A

maintains shap
protection
prevents bursing in hypotonic enviroment

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17
Q

Why gram negative pathogens more threatenting than Gram positive ones

A

outer membrane protects against host defenses

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18
Q

How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth

A

inhibits x-link formation

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19
Q

What is a capsule

A

sticky substance forms protective layer

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20
Q

What re fimbrie

A

hair like appendages

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21
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

pro - no internal membranes
smaller genomes
infolded membrane regions

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22
Q

What is a plasmid

A

smaller rings of DNA

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23
Q

How does erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial growth

A

block protein syntehsis by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes

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24
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer

A

DNA from different individuals brought together

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25
Q

three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between individuals

A

Transformation - genes from environemnt
Conjugation - transfer of genes from one to another
Transduction - viruses transfer genes from one prokaryotes to another

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26
Q

photoautotrophs

A

photosynthetic organisms use light energy and CO2

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27
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

only need CO2 but use other inorganic subtances for oxidation

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28
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

light for energy and obtain carbon in organic form

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29
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

consume organic molecules for energy and carbon

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30
Q

denitrification vs nitrogen fixation

A

denitrify - NO2 and NO3 return N2 to atmosphere

nitrogen fixation - convert N2 to NH4

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31
Q

metabolic cooperation

A

cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use enviromental resources couldn’t otherwise use

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32
Q

biofilm

A

coatings of cooperating prokaryotes

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33
Q

extreme thermophile

A

live in high temperatures

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34
Q

halophile

A

live in high salt environments

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35
Q

methanogen

A

obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize CH4

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36
Q

symbiosis

A

ecological relationship

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37
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

stricks when immune down

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38
Q

endotoxin

A

proteins secreted by prokaryote

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39
Q

exotoxin

A

released when bacteria die

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40
Q

protist

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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41
Q

eukaryote

A

have internal organelles

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42
Q

definiative host

A

organism where parasite reproduces sexually

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43
Q

intermediate host

A

organism which parasite does not reproduce sexually

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44
Q

protists discovered by whom

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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45
Q

protissts differ from prokaryotes

A

organelles

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46
Q

why protists in 5 super groups

A

history and evolution not understood

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47
Q

5 protist supergroups

A 
Excavata
Chromaveolata
Rhinizaria
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
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48
Q

kinetoplastic

A

singe large mirochondrion contains kinetoplast

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49
Q

kinetoplast

A

organized mass of DNA

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50
Q

three diseases involving kinetoplastids

A

African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease
Leishmaniasis

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51
Q

African Sleeping sickness vector

A

Resivoir Antelope > Definitive Tsetse Fly > Intermediate Human

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52
Q

Chagas disease vector

A

Resivoir Mice > Definative Reduviid Bug > Intermediate Human

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53
Q

red tide

A

caused by dinoflagellates which produce toxins

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54
Q

Leishmaniasis vector

A

Resivoir Rat > Definative Sand Fly > Intermiedate Human

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55
Q

apocomplexan

A

have a apicoplast which is similar to chloroplast

56
Q

malaria life cycle

A

definative mosquito> human lifer > blood

57
Q

cilliate feature

A

use cilia to move

58
Q

What some characterisitcs of diatoms

A

unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue

59
Q

What some characterisitcs of diatoms

A

unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue

60
Q

hyphae

A

tiny filaments present in fungi except yeasts and microsporidia

61
Q

septa

A

how multicellular fungi

62
Q

haustoria

A

hypahe which are modified to pentrate host tissue

63
Q

haploid

A

one set of genes

64
Q

diploid

A

two sets of genes

65
Q

heterokaryon

A

hypahe which has genetically different nuclei

66
Q

zygosporangium

A

spherical resistent spehres formed during reproduction

67
Q

asci

A

saclike holder of spores in ascomycota

68
Q

ascocarp

A

macroscopic fruiting bodies

69
Q

conidia

A

spores produced on specialized hypahe

70
Q

basidiocarp

A

mushroom fruting bodies

71
Q

fungus different from plans and animals

A

animals and fungi have commona ncestor

72
Q

mycelium

A

network of hypahe

73
Q

carbohydrate in cell walls

A

chitin

74
Q

coenocytic fungus

A

cordinated unit of multople cells

75
Q

two major stages in sexual life cycle fungi

A

Zygote, heterokaryotics stage

76
Q

five fungal phyla

A 
Chrytrids - chytridiomycota
Zygote - zgomycota
Arbuscular mycorrhizal - glomeromycota
Sac Fungi - Ascomycota
Club Fungi - Basidiomycota
77
Q

fairy ring

A

at edge of mycellium fruting bodies

78
Q

mold

A

rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungi

79
Q

yeast

A

unicellular fungi which inhabit moist habitats

80
Q

lichen

A

symbiotic assocition of photosynthetic migroorganisms and fungus

81
Q

mycosis

A

fungal infection

82
Q

cephalization

A

anterior sensory organs - head

83
Q

trchophore

A

free moving plankton with cilia

84
Q

lophophorate

A

feeding organ

85
Q

ecdysozoa

A

nematodes linked arthropods

86
Q

animal kingdome from others

A 
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
Glycogen
No cell wall
Collagen
Nervous and muscle tissue
Produce sexually
87
Q

protist ancestor of fungi and animal

A

colonial flagellated protist

88
Q

causes of diversification of animals

A

Preditor prey relationships
Changes in O2 levels
Variations of Hox gene expression

89
Q

four key evolutionary branches

A

Tissues
Body Symetry
Body Cavities
Protosome-Deuterosome Dichotomy

90
Q

distinction between parazoa and eumentazoa

A

eumetazoa have tissues parazoa do not

91
Q

planes of symmetry radial and bilateral

A

radial have infinite, bilateral just one

92
Q

relationshp of symmetry and lifestyle

A

radial = more movement

93
Q

bilateral have that radial usually don’t

A

cephalization or heads

94
Q

germ layers of diploblastic animal

A

ectoderm

endoderm

95
Q

germ layers of triploblastic animal

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

96
Q

developmental stages from zygote to gastrula

A

Zygote > 8 cell state > Blastula > Gastrula

97
Q

triploblastic animals without cavity

A

acoeleomates

98
Q

distinguishes coelom from pseudocoelom

A

if competely lined with mesoderm

99
Q

functions body cavity

A

Cusion Organs
Enable organs to grow indepently
locomotion in annelida

100
Q

stages protosomal development

A

Clevage - spiral determinate
Coelom formation - meoderm splits
Mouth develops from blastopore

101
Q

stages deuterostomal development

A

Clevage - radial
Coelomtoration - hollows
Anus from blastopore mouth from second opening

102
Q

hermaphrodite

A

both male and female in one individual

103
Q

choanocyte

A

collar cells lining inside of body

104
Q

amoebocyte

A

mobile cell which moves like an amoeba within a sponge

105
Q

osculum

A

water exits in a choanocyte

106
Q

spongocoel

A

pores in central cavity of sponge

107
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

open interior cavity

108
Q

sessile

A

doesn’t move

109
Q

cnidocyte

A

on tenticles contain stining capsules

110
Q

nematosyte

A

stinging capsules

111
Q

parthenogenesis

A

asexual reproduction of self

112
Q

radula

A

straplike rasping organ for feeding

113
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

.

114
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A

.

115
Q

hemolymph

A

.

116
Q

tracheal system

A

.

117
Q

spiracles

A

.

118
Q

tube feed

A

.

119
Q

endoskeleton

A

.

120
Q

two body plans of cnidarians

A

sessile polp

floating medusae

121
Q

most billaterial acoelomates members of which phylum

A

.

122
Q

name intermediate and terminal hosts in blood fluke

A

.

123
Q

three parts of mollusk

A

.

124
Q

characteristics distinguish cephalopods from other mollusks

A

.

125
Q

lophophore and function

A

.

126
Q

three phyla with lopophores

A

.

127
Q

what characteristics distinguis oligocheate from polychaeta

A

.

128
Q

two evolutionary innovations well developed in annelids

A

.

129
Q

three characteristics of arthropods

A

.

130
Q

advatages and disadvantages of arthropod exoskeletan

A

.

131
Q

major anatomical features of insecta

A

.

132
Q

crustacea distinguised fomr counting

A

.

133
Q

barnacle

A

.

134
Q

two phyla have deuterstome development

A

.

135
Q

which structrue unique to echinoderms

A

.

Biology 109 - Final (1 decks)

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