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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Test 1: The Brain, protection and blood supply > Flashcards

Test 1: The Brain, protection and blood supply Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

how much does the brain weigh?

A

about 3 pounds

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2
Q

all functions of the brain occur within ..

A

about 100 billion neurons

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3
Q

what are the functions of the brain?

A 
Register sensation
Integrate sensory information 
Stimulate response/ actions 
Physiological regulation/ homeostasis 
Higher executive functioning – planning, memory, behavior, Intellect
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4
Q

what is the frontal lobe associated with?

A

higher functions, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought

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5
Q

do humans have a larger frontal lobe than animals?

A

heck ya

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6
Q

what are the major regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon,

brain stem

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7
Q

cerebrum

A

largest region of the brain

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8
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

midbrain, pons medulla oblongata

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10
Q

dura mater

A

has two layers- durable, tough, they actually separate( this creates a sinus)

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11
Q

arachnoid

A

covers the brain non vascular, spidery layers are in the sub arachnoid space( where cerebral spinal fluid circulates)

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12
Q

Pia Mater

A

inner most layer, delicate, very tightly adheres to the brain

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13
Q

sinus

A

Blood goes through and comes back to the heart

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14
Q

what is the order of the protective covering of the brain

A

Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

PAD

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15
Q

extensions of dura mater

A

form hard, non- compliant membranes that divide the intracranial vault.

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16
Q

dural layers

A
  • external periosteal layer

- internal meningeal layer

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17
Q

dural extensions

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tetorium cerebelli

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18
Q

falx cerebri

A

descends vertically in longitudinal fissure.

it separated L/R cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

falx cerebelli

A

small triangular process.

it separated cerebellar hemispheres

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20
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

looks like a tent

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21
Q

falx

A

sickle shaped (blade shaped)

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22
Q

what is the clinical importance of the tentorium cerebella?

A

brain tumors identified as supratentorial (above the tentorium) and infratentorial (below the tentorium)

Swelling: the brain can get partly pushed down and herniate through the tentorium, which becomes life-threatening

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23
Q

what percent of body weight is the brain?

A

2%

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24
Q

what percent of the body’s blood supply does the brain receive?

A

about 20%

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25
the brain consumes _ % of total _ and _ even at resting
20% of total O2 and glucose
26
what does the brain use as its primary source of energy?
glucose
27
what is the normal cardiac output?
5L per minute (think of it as a fist is the size of your heart)
28
carotid arteries
R and L, internal and external | provide oxygenated blood
29
vertebral arteries
close to the vertebral column | provide oxygenated blood
30
cerebral arterial circle
circle of freaking willis. this is known as anastomosis- provides alternative routes of circulation
31
anastomosis
provides alternative routes of circulation
32
stinosis
a closing
33
internal jugular
dats a big vein
34
blood brain barriers
We need to protect the CNS and don’t want everything in the blood to get through
35
tight junctions
controling permeability
36
endothelial cells
inner lining of the blood vessels, these do not leak, that is why they have tight junctions, vascular
37
Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
produces CSF
38
arachnoid matter
controls what can move in and out. it is an avascular membrane enveloping the brain
39
Choroid plexuses
where CSF is made
40
Lipophilic
dissolves in lipids and fats
41
astrocytes
clamp around structures in the brain and support the function of the bbb. In Parkinson's they don’t work properly
42
what does not work properly in Parkinson's?
astrocytes
43
what gets through the bbb?
o2 and co2 because they are lipophilic, alcohol, caffeine, drugs
44
What does not get through bbb
no glucose because it is water soluble
45
what is the hallmark feature of the blood brain barrier?
tight junctions
46
what are the costs of tight junctions?
active transport of glucose and difficulty treating disease
47
CSF
Clear fluid: (about 125 ml) O2, protein content is much lower than blood There should be no blood in the csf
48
what are the basic functions of cerebral spinal fluid?
Mechanical: shock absorbent medium, buoyancy Homeostatic function: pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow (pH). Transport system (hypothalamic hormones) Circulation: exchange of nutrients/ waste between blood and nervous tissue
49
ependymal cells
produce csf
50
ventricle
fluid filled space
51
choroid plexuses
network of capillaries lining ventricle walls
52
where are tight junctions?
they are in the surrounding cells, not the capillaries themselves
53
how much CSF is circulating?
about 125- 150 mL
54
how much CSF are we producing?
about 20 mL an hour and the same amount is being reabsorbed in the blood stream
55
lateral ventricles
2 largest ventricles .R and L, horn shaped structures
56
third ventricles
Cavity between R/L thalamus. Communicates with lateral ventricles via opening at anterior end of third ventricle.
57
fourth ventricles
Between brain stem and cerebellum. Narrows caudally to form the central canal of the spinal cord.
58
describe the flow of csf
It is produced in the lateral ventricle It is going to travel down into the interventricular foramen and then goes to the third ventricle. Then it is connected to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct . Then it goes over the surface of the brain and spinal chord
59
arachnoid villi
: location or route through which CSF travels back into Venus circulation
60
arachnoid granulation
cluster of arachnoid villi
61
hydrocephalus
: CSF accumulation due to impaired CSF flow, absorption, and/or overproduction Physiology: elevated intracranial pressure, potentially leading to brain damage and other complications Some times confused with dimentia

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (2 decks)

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