Test 1 Vocabulary

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

What we know, remember, and think

Question 2

H.M.

Answer 2

Got surgery to cure epilepsy and he got amnesia . He can remember previous events but can’t form new memory. His hippocampus was damaged and he therefor lost his long term memory

Question 3

Knowledge

Answer 3

Self-concept, emotions, and understanding

Question 4

Cognitive Revolution

Answer 4

You cannot study the mind directly so we must study mind to understand

Question 5

Introspection

Answer 5

William Wundt and Edward Titchener first created this first attempt and experimental psychology. They trained professionals to tell how mind works without any interpretation or bias. This died out as some processes are subconscious, also no way to test these claims. It’s only use is giving ideas of what we can study

Question 6

Behaviorist movement

Answer 6

Record experience and outputs to create a learning history. Completely ignores brain. How we change in response to stimuli of rewards and punishments. This is unreliable as we act how we interpret the situation, what does this stimuli mean to you?

Question 7

Transcendental Method

Answer 7

Immanuel Kant created a way to study the mind by refusing to trust the mind . Start with the visible result and work backwards. Such as electrons aren’t visible but we found them by measuring their effects which are visible

Question 8

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 8

Study mental processes indirectly through measuring the consequences. Relies on performance, response time, and neuroscience based tests.

Question 9

What did Tolman state

Answer 9

Learning isn’t a change in behavior but an acquisition of knowledge, in the rat maze it took time

Question 10

Gestalt Psychology Movement

Answer 10

The whole is greater than the parts, you cannot learn how we think just by studying individual components you must look at the whole picture. Therefor we must know mental processes to explain behavior

Question 11

“Pass the Salt”

Answer 11

Proved why we must study inside this “black box”, you can ask to pass the salt a thousand different ways and each will have the same output, but for others it may be different. We can’t just ignore the brain entirely because everyone interpretation is different and we need to know why

Question 12

What did Chompsky state

Answer 12

If reinforced is the only way we learn than why can we build our own sentences

Question 13

Neuropsychology and how does clinical work

Answer 13

Study of brain structures and functions. In clinical cases they understand these structures by analyzing cases where that specific area is damaged. Can’t always be used since you have to wait till someone is injured in that one spot.

Question 14

Neuroimaging

Answer 14

Produce precise 3-D pictures of the brain that help us find shape size and position and find function through measuring activity levels.

Question 15

Neuroimaging Techniques

Answer 15

CT scans- old tool for structural imaging. 3D x-ray. Not as precise as a MRI but it’s cheaper so we use it

PET scans- old functional imaging. Intro tracer substance with low radioactivity and scan watches what tissues use the substance

MRI- New primary structural imaging, uses magnetic properties of atoms to show tissue

FMRI- new primary functional images. measures oxygen content in blood flow of each brain region

EEG- Measures electrical pulses of neurons, it usually detects a rhythm and then measures change. Can’t localize it but can generally see changes to a millisecond. Usually used for sleep studies

ERG- EEG but with the eyes

TMS- Creates a temporary lesion with a pulse. Used to see if certain areas are associated with certain functions

Question 16

Neurons

Answer 16

Nerve cells (billions in our brains) they release neurotransmitters that tell to activate or deactivate, they can hit dendrites that are meters apart.

Question 17

Capgras Syndrome

Answer 17

Can recognize people but convinced they aren’t real. You look like, sound like, and act like him but your not him. We have two parts to recognize people, factual appraisal (what they look, sound, and act like) and emotional appraisal (familiarity). Capgras lacks the emotional appraisal

Question 18

Motor Areas

Answer 18

Departure points- signals leave cortex and control muscle
Arrival points- Receive info from senses

Question 19

Localized Function

Answer 19

Every region has it’s own specific function

Question 20

Projection Areas

Answer 20

Term from map making as it’s a strip of tissue that maps out what controls what. The most sensitive regions will get the most room

Question 21

Sensory Areas

Answer 21

Skin senses to goes to parietal lobe, somatosensory cortex. When electrocuted patients report having a tingling sensation

Question 22

Primary Projection Areas

Answer 22

Motor- is near the rear frontal lobe, fingers have large area where as shoulders have less (twitch). Each body part has own region

Sensory-Somatosensory area behind motor projection area (feel tingle). Each body part has own region S1

Auditory- Temporal Lobes (hear clicks and buzz) Each frequency has own region A1

Vision- Occipital Lobe (see lights and patterns). Each part of field has own region. V1, has many centers as 40% of conterx is vision

Sensory and motor in total only make up 25% of the cerebral cortex

Question 23

Contralateral

Answer 23

When right side is probed the left side reacts. Every part of brain is like this

Question 24

Association Cortex

Answer 24

The remaining Prefrontal cortex that connects the sensory and motor areas. It refers to a broad region that we now know can be further divided

Question 25

Lesions in what lobes do what?

Answer 25

Frontal lobe- Apraxia (voluntary movement) Occipital or rear parietal- Agnosies (can't recognize objects) Parietal lobe- Neglect Syndrome ( ignore 1/2 of the visual world Lateral Fissure- Can't produce language Frontmost Frontal Lobe- can't learn new strategies just rely on habit

Question 26

What role does vision have?

Answer 26

It is the most dominant sense that has the most dedicated brain area and if any other information conflicts with visual info you will always trust vision. This is why ventriloquism works and why mirror boxes work

Question 27

Photoreceptors Path

Answer 27

Light produced by lamps, sun, etc, is reflected into the eye. First it hits the cornea, iris/ pupil, the lens, rods and cones, than the retina. then bipolar to Ganglion through optic nerve into thalamus then Lateral geniculate nucleus then primary vision projection area, then split into different pathways

Question 28

Job of each part of the eye

Answer 28

Lens adjusts incoming light similar to a camera lens, muscles tighten to bulge lens to see close, muscles relax to see flatten lens to see far away (far away. A lot of movement is for close Rods are sensitive to low level light to help see in the dark, distinguishes different light intensities. Most rods are on the sides Cones are sensitive to color difference, there are 3 types that are all sensitive to different wave lengths. It is also able to see fine detail and acuity. Most cones are at the fovea Cornea- outermost part of the eye is responsible for focus, Lasik surgery tackles cornea issues (close up) Optic Nerve- axon terminals of ganglion cells, carry information to brain but have no photoreceptors therefor it is a blind spot. Full of P cells and M cells LGN- Relay center, intermediate step for all senses except for smell and it's located in the thalamus

Question 29

Light Waves

Answer 29

Electromagnetic energy, wavelength= color, height=brightness

Question 30

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 30

When cells are stimulated they restrain activity in neighboring cells, so the middle cells are weaker than the edge cells which creates edge enhancement and allows us to have defined outlines. This causes the contrast effect which makes dark appear darker and light appear lighter in illusions

Question 31

Single Cell Recording

Answer 31

You can record the pattern of electrical charges of one neuron, each response is the same (all or none law) yet the firing rate changes. As learn what makes a neuron fire more or less we learn what it's job is. Also allowed us to learn receptive fields, each neuron has a different visual field that affects the firing rate, some stimuli increase other's decrease. The receptive fields get more specific for extrastriata areas (V2, 3, etc).

Question 32

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

Answer 32

Found out that specialized neurons exist. Such as center-surround cells where cells is "on" in central light and "off" in surrounding light. When light hits both it same as when no stimulus occured. Also edge detectors that fire maximum at different angled lines (always fire to all lines just prefer one).

Question 33

Divide and Conquer

Answer 33

Different cells in different regions serve a different purpose

Question 34

Parallel Processing and benefits

Answer 34

Many different steps occur simultaneously, all specialized neurons fire at once. It allows for speed, mutual influences (can't understand if it's 3D unless it moves and vice versa)

Question 35

Within optic nerves parts and function

Answer 35

P Cells- parvocellular cells- spatial analysis and details. Ventral M-Cells- Magnocellular cells motion and depth Dorsal What (Ventral) system- Occipital lobe goes to temporal, identify what an object is Where (Dorsal) system- Occipital goes to parietal, where it is

Question 36

Binding Problem

Answer 36

Reuniting Elements that are addressed in different systems into one coherent motion. Combining the where and what pathway

Question 37

Binding Problem Solutions

Answer 37

1. Spatial Position -where object is, color, movement 2. Special Rhythms- How and what neurons fire simultaneously. Neural Synchrony- if neurons fire simultaneously they are the same object 3. Attention- when overload then a conjunction error occurs and you mistake what features are bound together

Question 38

Bottom-up processing

Answer 38

Visual features to recognition to knowledge

Question 39

Top-down processing

Answer 39

Knowledge before visual feathers. Expectation will carry over in quick split second decisions (phone seen as a gun). Entirely top-down is a hallucination.

Question 40

Figure Ground organization

Answer 40

What's object what's background, completely dependent on the viewer but we just don't notice the interpretation

Question 41

Gestalt Organization (5)

Answer 41

Similarity- group alike objects Proximity- group close objects Good Continuation- Continuous objects even if parts are hidden Closure- If object is missing side- still in tact Simplicity- Interpret forms as simply as possible Interposition- if object in front it's closer Proximity- close objects are grouped together

Question 42

How we organize attributes

Answer 42

Collect visual features and raw data Go beyond and figure out how the form is laid out, figure v foreground. Interpretation Not only goes first or second, they all occur in parallel processing and work together

Question 43

Constancy

Answer 43

Perceptual constancy- perceive constant properties of objects even when our viewing circumstances changes Size constancy- Despite viewing difference in distance we still correctly perceive size Shape- No matter what angle we see shapes at we still see the same shape Brightness- unconscious judgement of surrounding light to tell how bright an object is

Question 44

How do we achieve constancy

Answer 44

Relationships within our retina image of size of surrounding objects. Or do we use distance and constantly calculate for size. Double distance= 1/2 size. 10 ft away and 4 mm of retina= 40, 20 feet away and 2 mm of retina= 40 still

Question 45

Binocular Cue

Answer 45

Binocular Disparity where eyes look from different POVs, slight different views and depending on how different the places are on each lens this will create a depth effect

Question 46

Pictorial Cues (4)

Answer 46

Monocular Cues that are exploited by artists to create fake depth Interposition- Block view of object with another Linear perspective- Lines converge as they get far Shadow- one of most powerful Texture gradiant- things get more blurry far away

Question 47

Monocular Cues of Depth (2)

Answer 47

Motion Parallax- near by objects will move more than far away ones when you move your head Optic Flow- Visual fields changes as go forward

Question 48

Stereovision

Answer 48

eyes fuse together 2 different images and creates binocular disparity. VR and 3D movies work with each lens having a slightly different view. Won't work with those with ocular dominance who rely on one eye more than other

Question 49

Educated Eye

Answer 49

Is a myth. You cannot be trained to see more in a glance or to see the in the dark. You may be more observant and notice the important things but the biological component can't be changed just your knowledge can.

Question 50

DF

Answer 50

Diagnosed with Appreceptive agnosia. He can see shape color and position but he can't put it together to see whole. For example he can draw a clock from memory but he can't draw it from appearance.

Question 51

Associative Agnosia

Answer 51

Can see but can't recognize the object. A glove is a continuous surface with 5 outpouchings. Don't know if shoe or foot, wife or hat.

Question 52

Redudancy

Answer 52

We use all of our cues as different cues work best in different conditions

Question 53

Agnosia 3 types

Answer 53

Inability to recognize something. 3 types: inanimate, animate, and faces.

Question 54

Tachistoscopic Presentations

Answer 54

Studies where a tachistoscope presents stimuli momentarily followed with a post-stimulus mask (random pattern or letters). This mask is necessary to interrupt any continued processing

Question 55

Word Superiority Effect

Answer 55

Recognize a letter if it is in a common word, or reasonable letter string (well-formedness- how well it conforms to English laws)

Question 56

Priming

Answer 56

Recognize a word better if it is a common object or word (frequency priming m's= Mcdonalds) or if it is the 2nd time viewing it (repetition priming and magicians)

Question 57

Fonts effect on reading

Answer 57

People read less clear fonts as less intelligent as they can't read as fluently therefor we blame the authors and assume they didn't write as fluently. However, less clear fonts are better remembered because they need more engagement. Also capitals are slower to read because lowercase allows different letters to have identified blocks

Question 58

Detectors Processes

Answer 58

Each detector has an activation level, if the detector is warmed up (seen before or seen often) it will be easily set off. The first detector is a feature detector, a letter detector, a bigram detector and then the word detector. This chain is called a feature net.

Question 59

Feature Net pros and cons

Answer 59

It allows for us to fill in words if we missed a letter due to frequency and recency, if one feature is seen it will activate all letter detectors but only some bigrams will be used. However, this can cause errors as CQRN will often be seen as CORN but it's usually ok as CORN is never seen as CQRN

Question 60

Distributed Knowledge

Answer 60

You must have previous knowledge in order to activate a bigram as it's not just one bigram but the analyzing of all of them and comparing which is most likely

Question 61

Distributed Representation

Answer 61

Knowledge is distributed across a network and only detectable when the entire network functions, there is no actual inferences or knowledge, everything is active and we go through all of them to see which is right

Question 62

McClelland and Rumelhart Model

Answer 62

Alternative to feature net, it is the idea that there are no bigram detectors just excitatory and inhibitory connections. This allows for bidirectional stimulation (letters excite words, words, excite letters, letters excite letters). Knowing it's TRIP causes a missing T to go activated and even though it wasn't stimulated knowing the word is TRIP can set T off.

Question 63

Recognition by components model (RBC)

Answer 63

Geons- geometric ions that we see building blocks with, only need 30 to make every object in the world. Feature detectors (edges, angles) activate geons, activate geon assemblies, finally the object model. In this model geons are view-poijnt independent and can be recognized from anywhere

Question 64

Multiple View object recognition

Answer 64

People have memories of objects and we can only recognize things if it matches a remembered perspective. If it doesn't we must rotate image and delay the recognition. This model is viewpoint dependent. Lines to corners and notches, to whole object. Supported how in what pathway some neurons are object and view specific

Question 65

RBC or multiple-view?

Answer 65

Maybe both are right, some tissue is sensitive to viewpoint. Categorization (is this a cup) is view-point independent and identification (is this a cup I've used before) is viewpoint dependent

Question 66

Prosopagnosia

Answer 66

Can tell what the face is (old, female, etc) yet can't identify whose it belongs too including themselves. If an avid bird watcher can't differentiate birds. There fusiform face area doesn't work, we argue this area is just for faces or face like but we don't know

Question 67

Super-recognizers

Answer 67

People who can recognize faces extremely well

Question 68

Faces are strongly dependent on

Answer 68

Orientation, they are powerful inversion which means we can't recognize upside down faces and if a face is inverted we can't tell if eyes or mouth is upside down. Holistic Recognition- to see a face we need to see the overall configuration not just parts, features can't be considered out of context just their relationship with other features that guides recognition. We are also more influenced by outer features than inner

Question 69

Composite effect

Answer 69

If we combine two different faces top and bottom we will see it as one whole new face.

Question 70

Priming needs when giving "it's a word you can eat"

Answer 70

If given a clue "it's a word you eat" we need to 1. Understand words in instruction 2. Understand the relationship "words you eat" not "Words eat you" 3. Know facts about words" what can I eat"

Question 71

Information Processing Model

Answer 71

Carefully manipulate the inputs to see about the outputs