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Test 1 (Week 2) Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

How do you diagnose Entamoeba histolytica?

A

serology and/or trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm or cysts with up to 4 nuclei in the stool

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2
Q

What are the side effects of the chronic use of antacids?

A

o Alkaluria–> kidney stones

o Na+ content can be high= fluid retention = Caution in CHF and hypertensive patients

o Drug interactions due to altered gastric and urinary pH

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3
Q

What’s the treatment for all tapeworms (cestodes)?

A

Niclosamide or Praziquantel

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children?

A

rotavirus

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5
Q

What’s the MOA of cholera toxin?

A

ADP-ribosylates adenylate cyclase= increased cAMP = extreme water secretion (diarrhea)

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6
Q

egg with lateral spine protrusion

A

schistosoma mansoni

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7
Q

What’s the virulence factor of H pylori?

A

urease

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8
Q

Which vibrio species can cause a septicemia that has a 50% mortality rate?

A

vibrio vulnificus

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9
Q

Describe the morphology of vibrio cholerae

A

gram negative rod that is slightly curved (comma shaped)

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10
Q

What’s the most important regulator of gastric acid production?

A

histamine

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11
Q

What’s the treatment for enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

A

bendazoles and Pyrantel pamoate

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12
Q

How do you get a Taenia solium tapeworm?

A

ingestion of larvae in undercooked pork

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13
Q

What’s the treatment for EHEC?

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement; avoid antibiotics which will lyse cells and release shiga toxin

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14
Q

The LT (heat labile toxin) of enterotoxigenic e. coli triggers ____.

A

adenylyl cyclase

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15
Q

what kind of vaccines are available for rotavirus?

A

live attenuated vaccines

  • RotaTeq
  • Rotarix
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16
Q

see hematuria or squamous cell bladder cancer, think:

A

schistosoma haematobium

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17
Q

Diagnose this.

A

criptosporidium

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18
Q

How does rotavirus cause watery diarrhea?

A

villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+

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19
Q

Infection with Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale typically occurs through ____.

A

penetration of the skin on the soles of the feet

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20
Q

How does one acquire listeria monocytogenes?

A

ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats

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21
Q

Responsible for over 90% of outbreaks of diarrheal illnesses on cruise ships

A

calicivirus

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22
Q

What’s another name for Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale?

A

hookworm

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23
Q

Which cestode (tapeworm) do you get from ingesting its larvae from raw freshwater fish?

A

diphyllobothrium latum

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24
Q

What’s the suffix for all histamine receptor (H2) antagonist ?

A

-tidine

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25
How do you get infected with trichinella spiralis?
consumption of undercooked meat
26
What's a common secondary problem of EHEC disease caused by shiga toxin?
hemolytic uremic syndrome
27
can produce soft tissue calcifications the size of rice grains (seen on xray)
taenia solium
28
Describe the morphology of campylobacter jejuni.
gram negative curved rod
29
What do PPI's need for activation?
an acidic environment
30
What disease is caused by infection with echinococcus granulosus?
hydatid cysts in liver or lungs that will cause anaphylaxis if antigens released (have to inject the cyst with formalin, ethanol, or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cells before removal)
31
What are some more serious consequences of Trichuris trichina infection?
appendicitis and prolapsed rectum
32
What's the MOA of PPI's?
suicide inhibitor of H+/K+ ATPase
33
How does Clostridium perfringens cause gas gangrene?
α-Toxin (lecithinase) and µ-Toxin (hyaluronidase)
34
How do you make a diagnosis of trichinella spiralis?
muscle biopsy will reveal cysts with larvae/worm inside of it
35
How do you get a taenia solium tape worm?
ingestion of undercooked pork
36
what's the treatment for rotavirus infection?
–Provide supportive therapy (oral or i.v. electrolytes) to prevent dehydration
37
What's the treatment for Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale?
bendazoles and pyrantel pamoate
38
What's the treatment for wuchereria bancrofti ?
diethylcarbamazine
39
which types of e coli form pedestals?
EHEC – Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli EPEC – Enteropathogenic E. coli
40
What are the side effects of Misoprostol?
diarrhea. contraindicated in women of childbearing potential (abortifacient due to uterine contractions)
41
What's the MOA of Bismuth ____ (fill in the blank with all the different combos that follow bismuth)?
increase mucosal secretion, coat ulcer, thus, cytoprotection; cause detachment of H. pylori from gastric epithelium and lysis of bacterium
42
Infection with trichinella spiralis can cause inflammation of striated muscle. How?
larvae enter bloodstream encyst in striated muscle cells
43
see microcytic anemia, think:
ancylostoma or necator
44
what's the most common calicivirus?
norovirus
45
What disease does trichinella spiralis cause and what are the symptoms of this disease?
causes trichinosis. = fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgias
46
What are the side effects of H2 receptor antagonists?
diarrhea, dizziness, somnolence, headache (more common in elderly)
47
What's the mechanism of action of misoprostol?
a PGE1 analog. increases production and secretion of gastric mucous barrier, decreases acid production
48
What's the 3 drug cocktail given to wipe out H pylori infection?
1) PPI 2) amoxicillin 3) clarithromycin
49
What's the treatment for Giardia lamblia infection?
metronidazole
50
Which PPI inhibits CYP2C19 the least?
pantoprazole
51
What's the treatment for listeria monocytogenes infection?
ampicillin
52
What receptor does ACh bind to on a parietal cell?
M3 receptor
53
How do you treat cryptosporidium?
nitazoxanide
54
What's the MOA of sucralfate?
coats ulcer, acid/pepsin barrier; binds preferentially to ulcer, no anti-acid effect; may stimulate prostaglandin E synthesis; activated by acid environment
55
Make the diagnosis.
Entamoeba histolytica
56
What deos infection with Giardia lamblia cause?
bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, steatorrhea often seen in campers/hikers
57
What gram positive pathogen can cause severe food borne disease?
listeria monocytogenes
58
What are the key virulence factors for EHEC (O157:H7)?
-type III secretion system (needle like structure, injected bacterial proteins into host cells) -shiga like toxin (binds 60s subunit and prevents protein synthesis)
59
round body egg with no protrusions
schistosoma japonicum
60
see liver (hydatid) cysts, think:
echinococcus granulosus
61
The ST (heat stable toxin) of enterotoxigenic e. coli triggers \_\_\_\_.
guanylyl cyclase
62
Where do carriers of salmonella typhi carry the organism?
in gall bladder
63
this organism causes severe diarrhea in AIDS patients
cryptosporidium
64
What are some side effects of PPIs?
-nausea, diarrhea, headache -"bacterial bloom" in stomach -increase osteoporosis and risk of fractures in older pts who have had long term therapy with PPIs
65
Which adenovirus serotypes cause diarrhea in children under 2 years of age?
serotypes 40 and 41
66
see perianal pruritius, think:
enterobius vermicularis
67
What can chronic infection with Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale cause?
iron deficiency anemia (they are blood suckers)
68
see vitamin B12 deficiency, thinK:
diphyllobothrium latum
69
Trichuris trichiura is also called \_\_\_\_\_.
whipworm
70
How do you diagnose cryptosporidium?
oocysts on acid fast stain
71
How is enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) diagnosed?
see eggs on scotch tape test
72
What's the treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis?
ivermectin and bendazoles
73
What's the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica infection?
metronidazole, iodoquinol, and paromycin
74
What can long term infection with wuchereria bancrofti cause? How?
elephantiasis; worm blocks lymphatic vessels= fluid filled extremities
75
Heavy worm burden with Ascaris lumbricoides can lead to what?
possible obstruction at ileocecal valve
76
What can having a diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm result in?
megaloblastic anemia b/c it competes for B12 in your intestines
77
What receptor does gastrin bind to on a parietal cell?
CCK2 receptor also binds to CCK2 receptor on ECL cells
78
egg that has a terminal spine
schistosoma haematobium
79
What are the side effects of sucralfate?
side effects: dry mouth, constipation, decreases bioavailability of tetracycline, pheny- toin, digoxin, cimetidine
80
Which cytochrome do PPI's inhibit?
CYP2C19 Omeprazole is the worst about doing this. He made a special point to never use omeprazole with CLOPIDOGREL b/c of this
81
Why are PPIs such long acting drugs?
in order for the parietal cell to recover from the PPI and make more acid, it has to make all new H+/K+ ATPase enzymes and insert them into the membrane
82
What causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
83
What does infection with Entamoeba histolytica cause?
amebiasis- bloody diarrhea, and liver abscesses
84
Is E. Coli lactose positive or negative?
positive turns pink on MacConkey agar
85
What's the treatment for echinococcus granulosus infection?
•Albendazole or Praziquantel
86
Describe how enteroinvasive e. coli (shigella) invades epithelial cells?
invades M cells, transcytosis, then invades macrophages, then escapes and is phagocytized by epithelial cells
87
What dermatologic feature is present in some cases of typhoid fever?
rose spots
88
What's the most common trigger for Gullan-Barre syndrome?
campylobacter jejuni infection
89
What does ingestion of taenia solium eggs cause?
cysticercosis or neurocysticercosis
90
Make the diagnosis.
giardia
91
see portal hypertension, think:
schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma japonicum
92
What's the treatment for schistosomas?
praziquantel
93
What's the most effective antacid combo?
aluminum and magnesium mixes
94
What's the treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides?
bendazoles and pyrantel pamoate
95
How is wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?
mosquito
96
What's the treatment for Taenia solium infection?
* Albendazole * Praziquantel
97
The only bacteria that form spores are \_\_\_\_\_.
gram positive rods
98
What does infection with schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum result in?
liver and spleen enlargment that can lead to portal hypertension
99
see brain cysts, seizure, think:
taenia solium
100
What can chronic infection with schistosoma haematobium lead to?
squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
101
How do you treat infections with trichinella spiralis?
bendazoles
102
What's the suffix for all proton pump inhibitors?
-PRazole the PR part is emphasized, b/c without it, you are looking at an anti-fungi drug, not a PPI
103
How do you get infected with echinococcus granulosus?
ingestion of eggs from dog feces
104
What disease is caused by enterotoxigenic e. coli (ETEC)?
traveler's diarrhea (montezuma's revenge)
105
causes non malodorous "rice-water" diarrhea.
vibrio cholerae

GI/Nutrition (4 decks)

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