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EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY > TEST > Flashcards

TEST Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The term expert blind spot has been used to describe the gap between what an expert knows and what students know.

A

True.

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2
Q

According to reading expert Steve Stahl, one of the main goals of reading instruction to help children involves:

A

automatically recognizing words.

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3
Q

Identify a true statement about children’s reading skills in the second and third grades.

A

They lack the ability to process the content.

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4
Q

In the phonics approach, early reading instruction is taught using:

A

simplified materials.

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5
Q

In the whole-language approach, early reading instruction involves the use of:

A

whole and meaningful reading materials.

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6
Q

(blank) (blank) sometimes referred to as subject matter knowledge, means excellent knowledge about the content of a particular discipline.

A

expert knowledge

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7
Q

The the main goals of reading instruction that reading expert Steve Stahl proposed?

A

to help children become motivated to read
to help children comprehend text

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8
Q

Identify a prerequisite of reading that children master from birth to first grade.

A

identifying the alphabet

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9
Q

The Blank______ approach to reading instruction emphasizes the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

A

phonics

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10
Q

In the context of the approaches to reading, the - _________ -_________–__________ stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning.

A

whole
language
approach

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11
Q

Identify an area of emphasis in the cognitive approach to reading.

A

decoding

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12
Q

Identify a metacognitive strategy that teachers can help students use to improve their reading.

A

overview text before reading

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13
Q

The reading fluency of students improves when they:

A

speak with appropriate expression and rhythm in oral reading.

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14
Q

Which of the following factors helps children to learn to read according to social constructivist approaches?

A

cultural emphasis on reading

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15
Q

What did Michael Pressley and his colleagues observe about students who scored high on writing assessments?

A

The students were in classrooms that overflowed with examples of effective writing.

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16
Q

______ is involved in reading in the sense that good readers develop control of their own reading skills and understand how reading works.

A

metacognition

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17
Q

Which of the following are true about the developmental changes in children’s writing?

A

By age 5, children can reproduce letters and copy several short words.

Letter reversals by children in early elementary grades are not always a predictor of literacy problems.

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18
Q

Teachers can help students develop good metacognitive strategies for reading by getting them to:

A

monitor their own reading.

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19
Q

Students’ reading fluency often improves when they use assisted practice, which requires them to:

A

hear others read a passage before and after they read it.

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20
Q

Social constructivist approaches emphasize:

A

the importance of giving students opportunities for engaging in meaningful dialogue about their reading.

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21
Q

Identify an area of emphasis in the cognitive approach to writing instruction.

A

planning and revising

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22
Q

According to the studies by Michael Pressley and his colleagues, which of the following factors contributed the most toward students becoming good writers?

A

teachers spending considerable time on writing instruction

teachers being passionate about teaching students to write

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23
Q

Identify a true statement regarding developmental changes in early childhood that relate to writing skills.

A

Five-year-olds can copy several short words.

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24
Q

According to social constructivist approaches, writing is best understood as being:

A

culturally embedded.

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25
Q

Children from kindergarten through second grade need to learn the Blank______ system.

A

base-10 numeration

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26
Q

As problem solvers, writers need to:

A

establish goals and work to attain them.

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27
Q

Which of the following is a key theme in mathematics in grades 3 through 5?

A

computational fluency

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28
Q

Which of the following is an area that students should focus on according to the social constructivist approach to writing?

A

understanding differences in perspectives

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29
Q

In middle school, students benefit from a balanced mathematics program that helps students understand how Blank______ and _______ are connected.

A

algebra and geometry

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30
Q

Understanding basic aspects of numbers and Blank______ are critical in kindergarten through the second grade

A

geometry

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31
Q

According to the National Research council, one of the important cognitive processes in learning math is:

A

procedural fluency.

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32
Q

Which of the following concepts helps children in grades 3 through 5 learn different mathematical representations and provides an avenue for exploring algebraic ideas?

A

equivalence

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33
Q

Identify a principle of the constructivist approach to teaching math.

A

building on students’ prior knowledge

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34
Q

Students in grades 6 through 8 develop far more powerful mathematical reasoning when they learn:

A

algebra.

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35
Q

What is the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ Curriculum and Evaluation Standards’ recommendation on calculator use in math education?

A

It should be used at all levels.

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36
Q

In the Blank______ approach to teaching mathematics, effective instruction focuses on involving children in solving a problem or developing a concept and in exploring the efficiency of alternative solutions.

A

constructivist

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37
Q

Constructivist teaching in science emphasizes that children have to:b

A

build scientific knho

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38
Q

Identify a cognitive process that is important in learning math given by the National Research Council.

A

effective organization of knowledge

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39
Q

Identify a strategy of the constructivist perspective on teaching math?

A

making the curriculum socially interactive

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40
Q

The goal of social studies is to help students:

A

make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good.

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41
Q

True or false: In contrast to U.S. teachers, Japanese and Chinese teachers allow the everyday use of calculators or computers in mathematics classes.

A

F

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42
Q

According to the constructivist approach to science, teachers should:

A

serve as guides as children create scientifically valid interpretations of the world.

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43
Q

Which of the following courses in social studies helps students develop spatial perspectives on the world and help them make informed and competent decisions about the relationship of humans to their environment?

A

geography

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44
Q

Themes relating to individual development and identity usually appear in courses focused on:

A

psychology and anthropology.

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45
Q

Identify a principle of the constructivist approach to teaching math.

A

building on students’ prior knowledge

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46
Q

The field of study that seeks to promote civic competence is called
social
studies

A
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47
Q

Constructivist approaches to social studies stress the importance of:

A

thinking critically about values.

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48
Q

Identify the broad themes of social studies that are taught in elementary school.

A

time, continuity, and change

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49
Q

Students need to learn about the ways in which schools, churches, families, government agencies, and the courts play integral roles in people’s lives. These themes are covered in:

A

individuals, groups, and institutions.

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50
Q

Which of the following statements are true about the constructivist approaches to teaching social studies?

A

They emphasize the meaningfulness of the subject.
They focus on sustained examination of a few important topics rather than superficial coverage of many.
They require teachers to guide students to consider ethical dimensions of topics.

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51
Q

Identify a symbol manipulation program that allows students to explore algebra and calculus in multiple representations.

A

Maple

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52
Q

Which of the following programs for practice in reading has sources developed by teachers that allow older students to explore places referenced in the literature for all ages?

A

Google Lit Trips

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53
Q

_______-________ involves developing a systematic, organized strategy for lessons.

A

instructional planning

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54
Q

Identify the spans of teacher planning identified by Robert Yinger.

A

daily planning
term planning
yearly planning
weekly planning
unit planning

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55
Q

__________-________ used as a tool in teacher-centered lesson planning refers to statements about changes that teachers wish to see in students’ performance.

A

behavioural objectives

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56
Q

_______-________ is a tool of teacher-centered planning that focuses on breaking down a complex task that students need to learn into its component parts.

A

task analysis

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57
Q

_________-________ developed by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues, has been used by many teachers in their lesson planning to create goals and objectives.

A

Bloom’s taxonomy

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58
Q

Identify a true statement about instructional planning in schools.

A

Supervisors check to see if teachers are following the plan.

Teachers may have to submit lesson plans several weeks in advance.

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59
Q

Which of the following areas should teachers attend to while planning according to Robert Yinger?

A

form of the plan
sources of information
criteria for the effectiveness of the plan
goals

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60
Q

Which of the following areas should teachers attend to while planning according to Robert Yinger?

A

form of the plan
sources of information
criteria for the effectiveness of the plan
goals

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61
Q

True or false: Bloom’s taxonomy classifies educational objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

A

True

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62
Q

Which of the following objectives of Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy does the task of listing the main advantages of using a computer for word processing exemplify?

A

the knowledge objective

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63
Q

Which of the following reflects the responding objective of the affective taxonomy?

A

motivation to learn and display a new behavior as a result of an experience

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64
Q

A student who considers reading as an important skill reflects the Blank______ objective of the affective taxonomy.

A

valuing

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65
Q

Responding involuntarily, without conscious thought, to a stimulus reflects Blank______ of Bloom’s psychomotor taxonomy.

A

reflex movements

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66
Q

A student’s ability to make use of what has been learned about using a computer for word processing to how the same could be used in various careers is indicative of the Blank______ objective of Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy.

A

application

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67
Q

Which of the following abilities of Bloom’s psychomotor taxonomy does a student watching how to hold an instrument in a science laboratory indicate?

A

perceptual abilities

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68
Q

Organizing all that has been learned about the use of computers for writing reflects the Blank______ objective of the cognitive taxonomy.

A

synthesis

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69
Q

A structured, teacher-centered approach that focuses on academic activity and is characterized by teacher direction and control and keeping negative affect to the minimum is known as _____ _____

A

direct instruction

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70
Q

Students listening carefully to a guest lecturer is indicative of the Blank______ objective of the affective taxonomy

A

receiving

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71
Q

Which of the following objectives of the affective taxonomy is exemplified when students are committed to participate in a book club to improve their reading skills?

A

organizing

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72
Q

A student blinking when an object unexpectedly hurtles his or her way is indicative of Blank______ of Bloom’s psychomotor domain.

A

reflex movements

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73
Q

Students developing general skills of endurance, strength, flexibility, and agility reflect Blank______ of Bloom’s psychomotor domain

A

physical abilities

74
Q

True or false: A way to provide an expository advance organizer is to describe the lesson’s theme and why it is important to study the topic.

A

T

75
Q

Identify a true statement about the direct instruction method.

A

Teachers’ expectations of students’ progress is high.

76
Q

Students who become aware of or attend to something in the environment are indicative of the Blank______ objective of the affective taxonomy.

A

receiving

77
Q

________-_______ are teaching activities and techniques that establish a framework and orient students to material before it is presented.

A

advance organizers

78
Q

_______ ________ _______ provide students with new knowledge that will orient them to the upcoming lesson

A

expository
advance
organizers

79
Q

True or false: Lecturing, explaining, and demonstrating are common teacher activities in the direct-instruction approach.

A

T

80
Q

Which of the following reflects the responding objective of the affective taxonomy?

A

motivation to learn and display a new behavior as a result of an experience

81
Q

______ _______ is a technique where one concept or topic is learned thoroughly before another is introduced.

A

mastery learning

82
Q

True or false: A way to provide an expository advance organizer is to describe the lesson’s theme and why it is important to study the topic.

A

T

83
Q

Which of the following is a challenge of seatwork for students

A

understanding the norms for assisting peers

84
Q

Which of the following is true about teacher-centered instruction?

A

It produces overly structured classrooms.

85
Q

In the context of learner-centered psychological principles, which of the following is true of the factors that affect learning?

A

As individuals develop, there are different constraints for learning.

86
Q

The ______ is a system for browsing Internet sites and is called so because it consists of many sites that are linked together.

A

web

87
Q

In the context of learner-centered psychological principles, identify a true statement about individual difference factors that influence learning.

A

Setting appropriately high and challenging standards for a learner is an integral part of the learning process.

88
Q

Identify the challenges faced by teachers when they use seatwork as part of their instruction.

A

matching seatwork to students’ varying levels of achievement

creating seatwork that is clear and meaningful

89
Q

The goal of the Blank______ program is to support the effective integration of technology in teaching and learning.

A

GENYES

90
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of learner-centered instruction?

A

It fails to work effectively in well-structured knowledge domains.

91
Q

Which of the following is true of the GenYes program?

A

It reflects the social constructivist approach to learning.

92
Q

The _______ is a system of computer networks that operates worldwide and is considered the core of computer-mediated communication.

A

internet

93
Q

Which of the following is true of the GenYes program?

A

It enables students to use technology in ways that they find meaningful and relevant.

94
Q

Which of the following are used by students and teachers as part of the GenYes program?

A

online communications
web publishing
digital media

95
Q

_________ involves the processes that energize, direct, and sustain behaviour.

A

motivation

96
Q

In the context of the behavioral perspective, Blank______ are positive or negative stimuli or events that can motivate a student’s behavior.

A

incentives

97
Q

The humanistic perspective on motivation is closely associated with:

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

98
Q

______ involves doing something to obtain something else.

A

extrinsic motivation

99
Q

Motivation involves the processes that:

A

direct behaviour

100
Q

Which of the following is true about the behavioral perspective to motivation?

A

It emphasizes that external incentives are key in determining a student’s motivation.

101
Q

Identify a true statement about the humanistic perspective of motivation.

A

It stresses students’ capacity for personal growth and positive qualities.

102
Q

Which type of motivation for achievement is emphasized by the behavioral perspective?

A

extrinsic motivation

103
Q

______ motivation involves the motivation to do something for its own sake (an end in itself).

A

intrinsic

104
Q

In accordance to the self-determination theory, researchers have found that students’ internal motivation and intrinsic interest in school tasks increase when students:

A

have choice and opportunities to take personal responsibility.

105
Q

Csikszentmihalyi uses the term Blank______ to describe optimal experiences in life

A

flow

106
Q

The search for a cause or explanation is most likely to be initiated when:

A

unexpected and important events end in failure.

107
Q

Children’s response to difficult or challenging circumstances that involves focusing on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome is known as _____ ________

A

mastery orientation

108
Q

Children with helpless orientation:

A

feel threatened by difficult tasks.

109
Q

Richard Ryan and Edward Deci referred to Blank______-________ teachers as those who create circumstances for students to engage in self-determination

A

autonomy-supportive

110
Q

Which of the following is true about self-efficacy?

A

It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

111
Q

Which of the following did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi study that helped him in proposing ideas that are relevant to understanding intrinsic motivation?

A

optimal experiences of people

112
Q

______ theory states that individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance and behavior.

A

attribution

113
Q

Identify a true statement about children who display mastery orientation.

A

They are task-oriented.

114
Q

______ refers to a response to challenges and difficulties in which the individual feels trapped by the experience of difficulty and attributes their difficulty to lack of ability.

A

helpless orientation

115
Q

When students set goals that are specific, proximal, and challenging,

A

their self-efficacy and achievement improve.

116
Q

The concept of Blank______ was put forward by Albert Bandura and refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

A

self-efficacy

117
Q

Identify a true statement about proximal goals.

A

They are more essential than distal goals.

118
Q

Which of the following directly influences students’ performance, persistence, and task choice according to Jacquelynne Eccles’ (1993, 2007) model of achievement motivation?

A

values, expectancies.

119
Q

True or false: Delaying gratification is an important factor in achieving short-term goals, not long-term goals.

A

F.

120
Q

Goal setting is increasingly recognized as a(n):

A

key aspect of achievement.

121
Q

How hard students work is influenced by Blank______, which are beliefs and attitudes about the way we think things should be.

A

Values.

122
Q

True or false: Students should be encouraged to set more long-term goals than short-term goals.

A

F

123
Q

Identify a true statement about social motives.

A

Socially competent students are more likely to excel academically.

124
Q

Identify the aspects of ability beliefs as stated by Jacquelynne Eccles.

A

Students’ beliefs about how good they are in relation to their performance in other activities.

Students’ beliefs about how good they are at a particular activity.

Students’ beliefs about how good they are in comparison with other individuals.

125
Q

Postponing immediate rewards in order to attain larger, more valuable rewards in the future is known as

A

Delay of Gratification.

126
Q

William Damon defines Blank______ as an intention to accomplish something meaningful to oneself and contribute something to the world beyond the self.

A

purpose.

127
Q

______, _______are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world.

A

social motives

128
Q

Identify a strategy that can be used to increase the motivation of students with failure syndrome?

A

using cognitive retraining methods

129
Q

Identify a positive parenting practice that results in improved motivation and achievement.

A

modeling motivated achievement behavior

130
Q

Identify a strategy used by students to protect their self-worth and avoid failure

A

procrastination.

131
Q

Which of the following are the challenges faced by students of ethnic minority groups that affect their academic achievement?

A

a lack of high-achieving role models
dealing with racial prejudice

132
Q

Which of the following is a reason students procrastinate?

A

perfectionism.

133
Q

A true statement about students who are perfectionists is that

A

they are vulnerable to decreased productivity.

134
Q

Low-achieving students with low expectations for success need to be reminded to:

A

put forth considerable effort and make progress.

135
Q

Which of the following is an effective way to reduce students’ high anxiety levels?

A

using an intervention program with relaxation techniques

136
Q

Identify a strategy that can be used by teachers to help students who protect their self-worth by avoiding failure.

A

Help students strengthen the link between their effort and self-pride.

137
Q

Which of the following will help students who are uninterested or alienated?

A

resocializing their attitudes toward school achievement

138
Q

Identify a characteristic of students who are perfectionists.

A

low self-esteem

139
Q

In contrast to the current view, the earlier view on classroom management focused more on:

A

creating and applying rules to control students’ behavior.

140
Q

Identify a true statement about the management issues for teachers in elementary and secondary school classrooms.

A

Secondary school teachers are likely to be confronted with a wider range of problems than elementary school teachers.

141
Q

True or false: According to Walter Doyle, most of the events that take place in a classroom on a given day are predictable.

A

F

142
Q

Which of the following would help a teacher’s class run smoothly and set the tone for developing a positive classroom environment?

A

establishing expectations and rules in the first few days or weeks of school

143
Q

Educational psychology emphasizes the need to develop and maintain a positive classroom environment that supports learning by using:

A

proactive strategies

144
Q

Unlike the older view of classroom management, the newer view of classroom management places more emphasis on:

A

guiding students towards self discipline

145
Q

Which of the following principles are considered while designing the physical environment of the classroom?

A

Reduce congestion in high-traffic areas.

Ensure that students can easily observe whole-class presentations.

Make often-used teaching materials and student supplies easily accessible.

146
Q

In the context of characteristics that reflect a classroom’s complexity according to Walter Doyle, identify a true statement about students.

A

They have memories of what happened earlier in their classroom.

147
Q

Which of the following should be employed by teachers to get off to the right start at the beginning of a school year?

A

Getting students to engage effectively in all learning activities.
Communicating rules to the class and obtaining student cooperation in following them.

148
Q

In the Blank______ style of classroom arrangement, all students sit facing the teacher.

A

auditorium

149
Q

studnets sit facing each other in the ____ _____ _____ _____ of classroom arrangment.

A

face to face style

150
Q

Identify a true statement associated with the principles of classroom arrangement.

A

Ensure there is a clear line of sight between the teacher’s desk and the student’s desks

151
Q

Which of the following characteristics reflect a classroom’s complexity and potential for problems?

A

Activities occur simultaneously in classrooms.
Classrooms have histories associated with them.

152
Q

The offset style of classroom arrangement can be especially effective:

A

for cooperative learning activities.

153
Q

The traditional auditorium style of classroom arrangement is often used:

A

when a teacher gives a lecture

154
Q

Which of the following is indicative of the seminar style of classroom arrangement?

A

a large number of students sitting in circular, square, or U-shaped arrangements

155
Q

True or false: Distraction from other students is lesser in the face-to-face style than in the auditorium style of classroom arrangement.

A

F

156
Q

The __________ classroom management style is one that encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still provides effective monitoring.

A

authoritative

157
Q

in the Blank______ of classroom arrangement, small numbers of students sit at different tables but do not sit directly across from one another.

A

offset

158
Q

The Blank______ of classroom arrangement is especially effective when students want to converse with each other or the teacher.

A

seminar

159
Q

The Blank______ of classroom arrangement is especially effective when students want to converse with each other or the teacher.

A

seminar

160
Q

According to Weinstein, Tomlinson-Clarke, and Curran (2004), which of the following are the components of culturally responsive classroom management?

A

commitment to building caring classrooms
understanding of the broader social, economic, and political context

161
Q

Identify the strategies that enable teachers to communicate clearly with students.

A

being precise in communication
using good planning and logical thinking skills as underpinnings of speaking clearly to classroom

162
Q

________ ________means giving full attention to the speaker, focusing on both the intellectual and emotional content of the message.

A

active listening

163
Q

True or false: An effective strategy for speaking clearly with students is to speak at a slow pace

A

f

164
Q

Identify the strategies that help in good active listening.

A

maintaining eye contact
giving feedback in a competent manner

165
Q

Which of the following strategies are used for minor interventions of problem behaviors?

A

Provide needed instruction.
Keep the activity moving.
Redirect the behavior.

166
Q

______ is an example of a problem behavior that requires moderate intervention.

A

Students interfering with the teacher’s instruction

167
Q

______ is an example of a problem behavior that requires only a minor intervention.

A

Students calling to the teacher out of turn

168
Q

When elementary school students are involved in a fight, one:

A

can usually stop the fight without risking injury to himself or herself.

169
Q

According to assessment expert James McMillan, competent teachers frequently use assessment:

A

to evaluate students in relation to learning goals and adapt their instruction accordingly.

170
Q

The purpose of preinstructional assessment is to evaluate:

A

prior knowledge and tailor instruction accordingly.

171
Q

Identify a true statement about the strategies in preinstruction assessment.

A

Teachers should refrain from believing in hearsay information about their students.

172
Q

Assessment that is carried out during the course of instruction rather than after it is completed is called:

A

formative assessment.

173
Q

An increasing trend in formative assessment is to:

A

get students to assess their own progress.

174
Q

Much of preinstructional assessment is in the form of:

A

informal observation

175
Q

Tying assessment to current views on learning and motivation also involves developing clear, appropriate:

A

learning targets.

176
Q

The most important source of information for validity in a classroom will be:

A

content-related evidence.

177
Q

Scoring of a constructed-response item:

A

requires judgment on the part of an examiner.

178
Q

True or false: Standards-based grading is a recent development based on norm-referenced grading.

A

F

178
Q

_______ ________ are specific behaviors that students need to perform effectively as part of the performance assessment.

A

performance criteria

179
Q

_______ ________ are specific behaviors that students need to perform effectively as part of the performance assessment.

A

performance criteria

180
Q

_______ ________ are specific behaviors that students need to perform effectively as part of the performance assessment.

A

performance criteria

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (2 decks)

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