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Physiology Ch. 1,2,3&4 > Test > Flashcards

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(85 cards)

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1
Q

Physiology

A

Emphasizes cause and effect mechanisms

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how a disease or injury alters physiological processes

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3
Q

What is the first step in the scientific method?

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

What is the normal range of arterial blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

In a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to what?

A

Effector

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6
Q

What is NOT a primary tissue of the body?

A

Osseous

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7
Q

What causes goosebumps to stand?

A

Contraction of the erector pili

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8
Q

What muscle can be consciously controlled?

A

Skeletal

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9
Q

A hypothesis is scientific if what?

A

It can be tested

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10
Q

For a theory to be scientific and accepted it must be based on what kind of data?

A

Replicable

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11
Q

The primary stimulus for insulin secretion is what?

A

Increased glucose concentration

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12
Q

Intercalated discs couple what cells both mechanically and electrically?

A

Myocardial

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13
Q

If you are Examining a sample of muscle tissue under a microscope and it is striated, this sample could NOT have been taken from what?

A

The wall of the digestive tract

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14
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

A

Found in the walls of the digestive tract

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15
Q

Neurolgia are supporting cells that are present in the?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

In Epithelial tissue, if they are more than 1 layer thick what are they called?

A

Striated

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17
Q

A single layer of a regularly shaped epithelial cells found lining the respiratory tract is called what?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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18
Q

How often is the entire epidermis replaced?

A

Every 2 weeks

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19
Q

What is a function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

Which tissue attaches skeletal muscles to the bones?

A

Tendon

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21
Q

What is a main characteristic of connective tissue?

A

A large amount of extracellular material

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22
Q

What layer of the skin has sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands?

A

Dermal section

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23
Q

The hypodermis is primarily composed of what?

A

Adipose tissue

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24
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Brain, follicles, and skeletal muscle

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25
What percent of water makes up the total body weight of an average adult?
60-70
26
When an atom loses one or more electrons does it become positively or negatively charged?
Positively
27
When an atom gains one or more electrons what is it?
An anion
28
The type of bond found in sodium chloride is what?
Ionic bond
29
What is A solution with a pH above 7?
Basic
30
What does A blood pH of 7.6 indicate?
Alkalosis
31
Molecules that are mirror images of each other are what?
Enantiomers
32
The addition of water with the proper enzyme to a molecule is called what?
Hydrolysis
33
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
34
A molecule that is part polar and part non-polar is what?
Amphipathic
35
Peptide bonds are formed by the process of what?
Dehydration synthesis
36
In the secondary structure of protein is what?
Alpha helix coils, beta pleated, sheet folds over protein strands
37
In the primary structure of protein is what?
A linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule.
38
What holds a protein in its tertiary structure?
Both the chemical bonds between the widely spaced amino acids and the disulfide bonds between the sulfur groups on the systines
39
A nitrogenous base, adenine is a what?
A purine
40
A base that is NOT found in RNA is what?
Thymine
41
What is the liquid portion of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?
Cytosol
42
What is a statement regarding the structure of the plasma membrane?
The movement of proteins in the plasma membrane allows for cellular adaptations to the extracellular environment.
43
Proteins located on the surface of the plasma membrane can act as what for hormones?
Receptors
44
Proteins that are only partially embedded in one side of the plasma membrane are what?
Peripheral proteins
45
The plasma membrane is referred to as a mosaic because of the presence of what?
Moving proteins in a random arrangement
46
How are phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane?
A double layer, hydrophobic tails facing inwards
47
The process by which cells secrete cellular products into the extracellular environment is what?
Exocytosis
48
Phagocytosis differs from endocytosis because during phagocytosis what?
None of the above Or Plasma membrane envaginate to produce a furrow that pinches off inside the cell
49
The only flagellated cells in humans are found where?
Sperm
50
What locations have ciliated cells?
Respiratory and female reproductive system
51
Folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area are called what?
Microvili
52
Microtubules and micro filaments are the primary components of what?
Cytoskeleton
53
What type of lysosome contains in digestive waste?
Residual body
54
What enzyme is needed to prevent excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide from peroxisome activity?
Catalase
55
The folded inner membrane of the mitochondria is what?
Cristae
56
A cell lacking a Golgi apparatus would not be able to add what to the proteins?
Carbohydrates
57
DNA replication is what?
Semi-conservative
58
What stage of the cell cycle IMMEDIATELY proceeds the S phase?
G1
59
The process of tissue death in which cells swell and rupture their membranes and burst is what?
Necrosis
60
Chromosomes move to the opposite poles is what?
Anaphase
61
Centrosomes replace during what?
Interphase
62
Telemere DNA is produced from a what kind of template?
RNA template
63
The division of cytoplasm in mitosis is called what?
Cytokinesis
64
What is NOT a characteristic of a catalyst
It can change the final results of a reaction
65
Biological catalyst what?
Remain unchanged at the end of the reaction
66
The substrate binds to the what on the enzyme?
Active site
67
In the model that explains how an enzyme and substrate fit together is called what?
Lock and key
68
The level of protein structure primarily involved in determining enzyme activity is what enzyme?
Tertiary
69
Elevated plasma adilase can be indicative in muscular dystrophy which is what?
When a muscle tissue is destroyed it releases the enzyme to present in the muscle cells into the blood
70
If you have elevated plasma amylase that could indicate what?
Pancreatitis
71
Reactant molecules of enzyme action are called what?
Substrates
72
Addition of a phosphate group to a particular molecule is catalyzed by what?
Kinases
73
A reaction which creates larger molecules from substrates and results in water as a byproduct would be catalyzed by a what enzyme?
Synthase
74
The enzyme with the lowest pH optimum is what?
Pepsin
75
Inactive forms of digestive enzymes are what?
Zymogens
76
Metal ions such as magnesium or calcium can serve as what?
Cofactors
77
Energy transformations result in an increase or decrease in entropy?
Increase
78
Energy transformation increase the entropy of a system is a statement of what?
Second law of thermodynamics
79
An energy can change form but it cannot be created or destroyed is a statement of what?
The first law of thermodynamics
80
The calorie (small c) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one cubic centimeter of what?
One degree on the Celsius scale
81
The universal energy carrier is what?
ATP
82
NAD derived from vitamin B3 is what?
Niacine
83
FAD is derived from vitamin B2 which is what?
Riboflavin
84
A reducing agent what?
They donate electrons and protons
85
The FAD and NAD are coenzymes that act as what?
Hydrogen carriers in biochemical reactions

Physiology Ch. 1,2,3&4 (1 decks)

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