Test

Question 1

Emotivism

Answer 1

Music evokes real emotions

Question 2

Cognitivism

Answer 2

Music expresses emotions but doesn’t evoke them

Question 3

Key theorists: 3

Answer 3

Stephen Davies, Justin & vastfjall and peter kivy

Question 4

Brain stem reflexes:

Answer 4

Rhymtic entertainment, episodic memory and music expectancy

Question 5

What would this be? Recognizing sadness in a minor key without feeling sad.

Answer 5

Cognitivism

Question 6

For happiness, musical expression would be..

Answer 6

Fast tempo, major mode, simple harmony

Question 7

For sadness, musical expression would be..

Answer 7

Slow tempo, minor mode, low pitch

Question 8

For anger, musical expression would be..

Answer 8

Fast tempo, minor mode

Question 9

For fear, musical expression would be..

Answer 9

Fast tempo, minor mode, low sound level

Question 10

Real emotions?

Answer 10

Physiological responses similar to everyday emotions

Question 11

Aesthetic emotions

Answer 11

Like wonder, nostalgia

Question 12

Chills

Answer 12

-strongest emotional response
-activates brains reward system

Question 13

Measuring emotional responses to music (3)

Answer 13

Self reports: prone to bias
Physiological measures: track heart rate
Neurological measures: EEG, fMRI

Question 14

Characteristics of sound (3)

Answer 14

Frequency (Hz) number of cycles completed by sound wave
Amplitude (dB) loudness of sound
Timbre, quality of sound

Question 15

Outer ear consists of..(3)

Answer 15

Pinnacle: curved flap of cartilage and skin

Auditory canal: 2,5cm with hairs,leads to eardrum

Eardrum/tympanic membrane: thin, flexible membrane, 1cm, moves in response to sound waves

Question 16

Middle ear (1)

Answer 16

Ossicles: 3 smallest bones in body, grain of rice, ossicles amplify sound 22 times

Question 17

Inner ear

Answer 17

Cochlea: produces electrical impulse to brain

Question 18

Auditory cortex: two streams of it

Answer 18

Anterior auditory pathway: identifies sound

Posterior auditory pathway: identifies where sound is

Question 19

Effects of damage to auditory system (4)

Answer 19

Difficulty in localization

Difficulty in recognizing complex sounds

Deafness

Tinnitus (ringing)

Question 20

Two types of deafness

Answer 20

Conductive: damage to ossicles

Nerve: damage to cochlea/nerve

Question 21

Theories of hearing

Answer 21

Hear individual pitches

Can’t explain how we perceive frequencies below 150Hz

Frequency theory
500 Hz tone stimulates hair cells
Neurons can’t fire more than 1000 times per second

Question 22

Role of music in emotional regulation/physical health (4)

Answer 22

-music influences dopamine levels

-cortisol reduction thru music

-musics effect on heart rate n blood pressure

-stroke patients improved gait with rhythmic music

Question 23

Limbic system made of 2..

Answer 23

Amygdala: emotion, learning related to unpleasant outcomes

Hippocampus: formation of conscious memory, spatial maps of environment

Question 24

Synapse is

Answer 24

Connects points between neurons

Transfers chemical signals to next neuron

Question 25

Music for depression

Answer 25

Reduces symptoms, provides emotional cathersis

Question 26

Music for Anxiety n PTSD

Answer 26

Lowers SNS activity, relaxation

Question 27

Music for dementia

Answer 27

Enhances mood/memory

Question 28

Music for schizophrenia

Answer 28

Improves social function, emotional expression

Question 29

Active music making and the brain (5)

Answer 29

Singing: stimulates both hemispheres, helps in stroke recovery Improvisation: increases neuroplasticity Drumming: improves motor control in Parkinson’s patients Elderly choirs: reduces loneliness/risk of depression Neurodivergent populations: ADHD benefit from structured rhythmic activities

Question 30

Early exposure to diverse music can..

Answer 30

Help maintain flexibility in perceptual abilities

Question 31

Maternal singing helps..

Answer 31

Infants regulate emotions and engage in convos

Question 32

Infants display at very early age..

Answer 32

Natural inclination toward music

Question 33

Autistic children often have..

Answer 33

Enhanced pitch perception and memory

Question 34

Children with Williams syndrome show..

Answer 34

Heightened emotional engagement with music

Question 35

Key brain regions in music processing (4)

Answer 35

Auditory cortex Prefrontal cortex Limbic system Reward centres of brain

Question 36

Key brain regions in music production (6)

Answer 36

Motor cortex: movement coordination Cerebellum: rhythm/timing Pre motor cortex: planning movements Corpus callosum: coordination between hemispheres Visual cortex: sight reading Language areas: broca area, wernickes area

Question 37

Neuroimaging in music production activates..

Answer 37

Motor cortex, auditory cortex, frontal operculum

Question 38

Amusing is..

Answer 38

Loss of music perception/production

Question 39

Case study Clive wearing is..

Answer 39

Severe memory loss due to hippocamal damage BUT retained ability to play piano

Question 40

Case study Mrs.L musical hallucinations..

Answer 40

Developed vivid musical hallucinations after hearing loss Brain generated internal music to compensate for lost auditory input

Question 41

Case study Tony Cicoria, musical lightning strike

Answer 41

Developed passion for classical music after being struck by lightning