Test Flashcards
(51 cards)
counterarguement
identifies and addresses objections or alternative perspective to the writers claim
builds credibility by engaging with
opposing views.
Refutes or explains why the
counterargument is less valid
APPEALS
Persuasive techniques used to convince
the audience on a particular
topic/subject.
ETHOS
Appeals to the audience by use of ethics.
Used to establish credibility/trust of topic/subject.
Confidence in delivery (tone) helps to establish credibility.
Ads will use celebrities, doctors, or well-respected individuals to help establish trust.
PATHOS
Appeals to the
reader’s/audience’s
emotions.
Speaker/writer may use
personal anecdotes
(stories).
Will use vivid language
to connect to the
reader/audience.
LOGOS
The appeal to logic
Includes facts/statistics (data)
Will use history and literal analogies to make logical arguments
KAIROS
Timeliness of an
argument.
“Right place, right time.”
Will play on the
audience’s/reader’s
emotions.
FALLACIES
Fallacies are errors in reasoning that weaken an argument’s validity.
AD HOC
Ad hoc (fallacy) = Making up excuses when proven wrong.
Example:
Person A: “I can predict the future!”
Person B: “You got the last prediction wrong.”
Person A: “That one didn’t count because I was tired!”
“You failed the test because the room was too cold,” ignoring that you didn’t study.
“We lost the game because the referee was biased,” instead of acknowledging poor performance.
AD HOC
AD HOMINEM
Abstract Minimalist Dots Shapes
AD HOMINEM
This fallacy means “against the man.”
Occurs when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument.
This type of fallacy is sometimes called name-calling or the personal attack fallacy.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
The use of an expert’s opinion to back up an argument.
Instead of justifying one’s claim, a person cites an authority figure not qualified to make reliable claims about the topic.
BANDWAGON
Sometimes called ‘appeal to common
belief’ or ‘appeal to the masses.’
Tries to get people to do or think
something everyone else does or thinks.
ASSUMPTIONS
It occurs when an argument relies on information or belief that requires further justification.
It gets its name when a person assumes something unwarranted to conclude.
This is simply an assumption based on superstition with no real evidence to support it.
POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC
Gets its name from the Latin phrase “post hoc, ergo propter hoc,” which translates as “after this, therefore because of this.”
Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.
ex- Clarence is a property lawyer and is giving his friend some tax advice. He tells his friend to trust him because he is a lawyer.
Clarence’s lawyer friend has no authority (knowledge) on the topic of taxes.
APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
FALSE DICHOTOMY
The arguer sets up the situation, so there are only two choices.
The arguer then eliminates one of the choices, so it seems that we are left with only one option: the one the arguer wanted us to pick in the first place.
ex- People might assume that all black cats are bad luck and thus conclude that having one as a pet would be unlucky.
ASSUMPTIONS
ex- A professor is presenting their latest research on quantum mechanics to a group of colleagues. At the end of the presentation, a person whispers to the other: “I don’t believe a word. I think it’s all made up. Do you realize that this person has been cheating and lying to their partner for years?”
A personal attack that has nothing to do with the lesson.
AD HOMINEM
RED HERRING
Occurs when a misleading argument or question is presented to distract from the main issue or argument at hand.
Refers to the piece of information that is used as a diversion.
slippery slope
The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there’s really not enough evidence for that assumption.
ex-
Everyone likes the Cowboys because
they are “America’s Team.”
BANDWAGON
STRAW MAN
A straw man fallacy occurs when someone distorts or
exaggerates another person’s argument and then attacks the
distorted version of the argument instead of genuinely
engaging.
CIRCULAR REASONING
Evidence used to support a claim is just a repetition of the claim itself.
Circular reasoning to support an argument.
Information is repeated to try to justify the answer.
ex- “Caldwell Hall is in bad shape. Either we tear it down and put up a new building, or we continue to risk students’ safety. Obviously, we shouldn’t risk anyone’s safety, so we must tear the building down.”
This puts the focus on the safety of students in order to tear the building down.
FALSE DICHOTOMY
