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1
Q

What is Floatation in Helminthology?

A

A diagnostic technique used to detect parasite eggs in feces by floating them in a solution with higher specific gravity than the eggs.

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2
Q

Define Migration of worms.

A

The movement of parasitic worms within the host’s body, often from one organ to another, during their life cycle.

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3
Q

What is Cutaneous larval migrans?

A

A skin condition caused by the migration of hookworm larvae (e.g., Ancylostoma spp.) under the skin, leading to itchy, winding tracks.

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4
Q

List problems faced by farmers using anthelmintics.

A
  • Drug resistance in parasites
  • Residual effects in meat and milk
  • Cost of anthelmintics
  • Need for repeated dosing
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a good dewormer?

A
  • Broad-spectrum effectiveness
  • Safe for animals and humans
  • No or minimal resistance issues
  • Affordable and easy to administer
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6
Q

Why is Trichinella spiralis said to have a unique life cycle?

A

It has a direct life cycle where the same host acts as both the definitive and intermediate host. The larvae encyst in muscle tissues and remain infective for long periods.

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7
Q

List features used to distinguish tsetse flies from other flies.

A
  • Forward-projecting proboscis
  • Hatchet-shaped wing venation
  • Large, dark-colored body
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8
Q

What are the scientific names of significant tsetse flies?

A
  • Glossina morsitans
  • Glossina palpalis
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9
Q

What is the veterinary significance of tsetse flies?

A

They transmit trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness and Nagana in animals).

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10
Q

List features distinguishing class Arachnida parasites from insects.

A
  • Four pairs of legs in adult stage (insects have three pairs)
  • Body divided into two segments (cephalothorax and abdomen)
  • Lack of antennae
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11
Q

Give three examples of significant veterinary importance arthropods in Uganda and diseases they transmit.

A
  • Ticks (Rhipicephalus spp.) – East Coast fever
  • Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) – Trypanosomiasis
  • Mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) – Malaria
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12
Q

Differentiate between Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous life cycles.

A
  • Holometabolous insects undergo complete metamorphosis (egg → larva → pupa → adult)
  • Hemimetabolous insects have an incomplete metamorphosis (egg → nymph → adult)
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13
Q

What is the veterinary importance of Diptera (flies)?

A
  • Transmission of diseases (e.g., tsetse flies transmit trypanosomiasis)
  • Myiasis (infestation by fly larvae)
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14
Q

List characteristics of protozoan parasites.

A
  • Unicellular organisms
  • Reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Often require multiple hosts
  • Cause diseases like coccidiosis
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15
Q

What are forms of coccidiosis and their causative agents?

A
  • Intestinal coccidiosis – Eimeria spp.
  • Hepatic coccidiosis – Eimeria stiedae
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16
Q

What are the management strategies for coccidiosis in poultry?

A
  • Good sanitation
  • Use of anticoccidial drugs
  • Proper nutrition
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17
Q

Define Final host.

A

The host where a parasite reaches maturity and reproduces.

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18
Q

What is a Hydatid cyst?

A

A fluid-filled cyst caused by Echinococcus spp. in intermediate hosts.

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19
Q

What is a Pimply gut?

A

Nodular lesions in the intestines due to Oesophagostomum spp.

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20
Q

What is Cysticercus cellulosae?

A

Larval stage of Taenia solium in pigs.

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21
Q

List general control measures for worms in Uganda.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Deworming livestock regularly
  • Proper pasture management
  • Rotational grazing
  • Improved sanitation
22
Q

What is the macroscopic examination of feces used for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Checking for adult worms, blood, or abnormal color.

23
Q

What is a sedimentation test used for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Used for detecting heavy eggs like Fasciola spp.

24
Q

What are signs of liver fluke infestation in cattle?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Jaundice
  • Weight loss
  • Bottle jaw
25
How is liver fluke infection handled?
Use of Triclabendazole and pasture management.
26
What is the cattle dip usage in Bukalasa?
Not frequently used due to cost and maintenance issues.
27
What is the procedure for re-charging a dip tank?
* Drain and clean the tank * Mix acaricide solution according to manufacturer’s instructions * Refill the tank with fresh water * Add the acaricide mixture * Stir thoroughly before dipping livestock
28
List acaricides used for tick control.
* Organophosphates * Pyrethroids * Amitraz * Ivermectin
29
What causes acaricide resistance?
* Overuse and misuse of acaricides * Under-dosing * Use of substandard acaricides * Poor application techniques
30
What is parasitism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) lives in or on another organism (the host) and derives nutrients at the host’s expense, often causing harm.
31
Differentiate between parasitism and parasitasis.
* Parasitism: The parasite lives in/on the host and may or may not cause disease * Parasitasis: The parasite is present but does not cause observable disease.
32
Differentiate between obligatory and facultative parasites.
* Obligatory parasite: Must live in a host to survive (e.g., Plasmodium spp.) * Facultative parasite: Can live independently or as a parasite (e.g., Naegleria fowleri).
33
Differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.
* Endoparasite: Lives inside the host (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides) * Ectoparasite: Lives on the external surface of the host (e.g., ticks, fleas).
34
List routes through which parasites enter animal bodies.
* Oral ingestion (e.g., through contaminated food and water) * Skin penetration (e.g., hookworm larvae) * Vector transmission (e.g., malaria via mosquitoes) * Direct contact (e.g., mites through skin contact)
35
Define Life Cycle in Parasitology.
The developmental stages of a parasite, from egg/larva to adult.
36
What is a definitive host?
Where the parasite matures and reproduces (e.g., human for Taenia solium).
37
What is an intermediate host?
Hosts the immature stages of the parasite (e.g., pig for Taenia solium larvae).
38
Differentiate between direct and indirect life cycles.
* Direct: No intermediate host needed (e.g., Ascaris suum) * Indirect: Requires an intermediate host (e.g., Fasciola hepatica in snails).
39
Differentiate between Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous life cycles.
* Holometabolous: Complete metamorphosis (e.g., mosquitoes: egg → larva → pupa → adult) * Hemimetabolous: Incomplete metamorphosis (e.g., lice: egg → nymph → adult).
40
Differentiate between Nematodes and Cestodes.
* Nematodes (roundworms): Cylindrical, non-segmented, have a complete digestive tract (e.g., Ascaris). * Cestodes (tapeworms): Flat, segmented, no digestive system, absorb nutrients through their body surface (e.g., Taenia spp.).
41
Describe the life cycle of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica).
Eggs are passed in feces → hatch into miracidium in water → infect snails (intermediate host) → develop into cercariae → encyst on vegetation as metacercariae → ingested by ruminants → develop into adults in the liver.
42
List common signs of worm infestation in livestock.
* Weight loss * Anemia * Diarrhea * Poor growth * Bloating and rough coat
43
What are Anthelmintics?
Drugs used to treat parasitic worm infestations.
44
List examples of Anthelmintics used in Uganda.
* Albendazole * Levamisole * Ivermectin * Fenbendazole * Praziquantel
45
Define migratory worms.
Worms that travel through different tissues of the host before settling in their predilection sites.
46
Give examples of migratory worms.
* Ascaris lumbricoides * Strongyloides stercoralis * Toxocara canis
47
What is cutaneous larval migrans?
Caused by hookworm larvae (e.g., Ancylostoma braziliense) migrating under the skin, leading to itching and lesions.
48
What is visceral larval migrans?
Caused by Toxocara canis larvae migrating through internal organs like the liver and lungs.
49
List predilection sites of worms.
* Small intestine - Ascaris lumbricoides * Liver - Fasciola hepatica * Lungs - Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) * Bloodstream - Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm)
50
Describe the life cycle of a three-host hard tick.
Eggs hatch into larvae → larvae feed on first host → molt into nymphs → nymphs feed on second host → molt into adults → adults feed on third host → females lay eggs.

Para (6 decks)

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